| Small Wars Journal

After a long and risky advance far from their supply base, U.S. Army and Marine Corps units smash through the last enemy defenses and advance into the enemy's capital. The opposing president flees and his government collapses. The relatively small U.S. force now finds itself responsible for running the city, while an insurgency that threatens the army's supply line begins to boil. Meanwhile, as the U.S. president attempts to rein in an envoy who is disregarding his orders, he must also figure out how to convert an apparent battlefield triumph into the strategic goals he established at the beginning of the war.

Scenes from Baghdad in 2003? Perhaps, but these could be flashes of Mexico City in September 1847 where Gen. Winfield Scott's army had just arrived after a seven-month march from Veracruz. Like George W. Bush, President James K. Polk found himself in possession of the enemy's capital, but without a counterpart with whom to negotiate a final peace. The war had lasted longer and was more costly than Polk had anticipated. His army -- tiny and inexperienced before the war -- had pulled off daring feats spanning the continent. But now as a result of the unexpected collapse of the Mexican government, Polk risked getting bogged down with "nation-building" and battling insurgents determined to gain control of the road between Mexico City and his army's supplies in Veracruz. Polk kept his focus on his original war aims, the direct westward expansion of the United States to the Pacific Ocean. His envoy negotiated a peace treaty with one of Mexico's Supreme Court justices and Polk withdrew his army from Mexico a few months later.

Needless to say, very few of America's wars have ended so cleanly or delivered so completely on their prewar expectations. To help figure out why, Gen. Martin Dempsey, in 2009 the commander of the Army's Training and Doctrine Command and soon to be the next chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, commissioned some of the country's leading military historians to examine how the United States has concluded its wars. Col. Matthew Moten, head of West Point's history department, recruited 15 distinguished military historians to each write one chapter of Between War and Peace: How America Ends Its Wars. Beginning with Yorktown and the negotiations that ended the Revolutionary War to Operation Desert Storm in 1991, Between War and Peace brings many perspectives to the long-neglected subject of how America's generals and top policymakers have struggled with war's messy "endgame."

In Between War and Peace Moten and his historians explore how these American military engagements reached their culminating points, how each war's ending differed from the goals at the beginning of the conflict, and how the war's end would shape the future peace. Moten's aim, in the end, was no less than hoping, "that some future president, confronted with threats to American national interests and needing some time to think, will tuck this volume under his arm as he departs for a weekend of reading and reflection at Camp David."

Readers looking for a quick survey of American military history from 1775 to 1991 will find much to enjoy. Moten's historians are deeply knowledgeable experts who bring interesting insights to all of the conflicts, even the Civil War and World War II -- where one could scarcely expect to read something new. Between War and Peace is most valuable for its chapters on episodes such as the Second Seminole War and the Batangas campaign in the Philippines in 1901, wars that shed light on today's counterinsurgency struggles. Those chapters and others about America's "small wars" remind us that the big, largely conventional wars such as the Civil War and the World Wars are the odd exceptions in American history. Between War and Peace also reminds us that the low-intensity irregular campaigns against the Seminole and Filipino insurgents were just as frustrating to soldiers and policymakers as are those in Iraq and Afghanistan today.

In spite of these strengths, Between War and Peace suffers from the anthology's multi-author format. Although Moten aspired to produce a book that would inform policymakers and strategists, some of the historians could have provided a deeper analysis of the alternatives available to policymakers at critical points and a discussion of the risks and consequences of those options. Particularly disappointing were the chapters on the World Wars, which repeated well-worn battle narratives while largely neglecting discussions of the strategic choices and consequences faced by the combatants. Showing the variation that comes with an anthology, Conrad Crane's superb chapter on the Korean War focuses on the United Nation command's attempts to compel an end to the fighting through adjustments to its aerial bombardment tactics. Col. Gian Gentile followed his incisive summary of the Vietnam War with a scathing indictment of a generation's worth of U.S. policymakers and a call for better strategic thinking. And Andrew Bacevich's dissection of the endgame of Operation Desert Storm explained why even the most ferocious military bombardment may accomplish much less than it appears and why some conflicts go on for decades before they resolve the underlying issues.

For policymakers wanting a deeper analysis of choices, risks, and consequences, Gideon Rose's How Wars End: Why We Always Fight the Last Battle should be at the top of the pile on their nightstand. Rose, editor of Foreign Affairs and a former National Security Council staffer, approaches his task from the perspective of a policymaker rather than a historian and it shows. From Woodrow Wilson's floundering at Versailles to President Obama's decision to "surge" 30,000 soldiers to Afghanistan, Rose shows how the "lessons" of the previous war, no matter how inapplicable, seem destined to overwhelm the judgment of even the smartest presidents. Rich in primary sources, How Wars End shows how a century's worth of U.S. presidents, many with deep experience and historical knowledge, were unable to escape the shadow of the last war as they fashioned their war aims and struggled through the endgame. The results have invariably been flawed wartime strategies and unstable and costly post-war circumstances.

Both Rose and many of the historians represented in Between War and Peace repeatedly emphasize the need for policymakers to begin war planning at the end, that is, to describe the stable and self-sustaining endstate the conflict should achieve. Failure to properly perform that first step almost guarantees a bitter experience. In addition, policymakers would do well to make honest and informed appraisals of their adversary, his strengths and likely reactions, and the tools and resources available to the policymaker. Both Rose and Moten's historians reprise the serial failures committed by U.S. policymakers on these assessments. For example, in their chapters on the Vietnam War, both Col. Gentile and Rose describe with bewilderment how Washington's "best and brightest" statesmen achieved only the most shallow understanding of Vietnam and, even worse, their own country's strategic strengths and weaknesses.

As Rose explains, the "last war" casts a long shadow, and it is that lingering imprint that explains why successive generations of U.S. presidents and their advisors have invariably been unable to perform rudimentary strategic analysis. Over the last century, presidents strived to either not repeat the mistakes made in the last war or to replicate, typically in wildly different circumstances, whatever went right the last time. Why has this pattern recurred for so long? Foreign crises generate debate in and out of government. From these debates, presidents formulate war policies which they must explain and defend to the Congress and the public. But memories seem to be short -- both the public and policymakers very often retain the last war as their only reference point for "good" and "bad" strategy. It is this, more than any other argument, that best offers an explanation for why presidents have been drawn into mistakenly defining their war in the last war's terms. Getting better outcomes from war will require better strategic analysis. And that will require both the public and policymakers to know more than just the last war.

"That's no blog, it's a tabloid!"

24 July SWJ Roundup

Afghanistan

Toll Climbs to 80 in NATO Raid on Insurgent Camp - NYT

NATO Hands Control of Mazar-i-Sharif to Afghans - AFP

Report Finds Vast Waste in US War Contracts - WSJ

US Wastes $34 billion in Afghan and Iraq Contracting - Reuters

Sergeant Bragged of Killing Unarmed Man - AP

Pakistan

Pakistan FM Says No Need for Cajoling on Militancy - Reuters

India Eyes Exposure of More ISI-funded Lobbyists in US - GT

Fresh Violence Erupts in Pakistan's Karachi - VOA

Deadly Violence Flares in Pakistan's Karachi - AJ

Suicide Bomber Kills Soldier in NW Pakistan - AP

Iraq

Report Finds Vast Waste in US War Contracts - WSJ

US Wastes $34 billion in Afghan and Iraq Contracting - Reuters

Syria

Syria Blames 'Saboteurs' for Deadly Derailment - VOA

Regime Now Threatens Entire Region's Stability - TN opinion

Libya

Captured Kadafi Soldiers Tell Rebels They Have Doubts - LAT

Libya Wants More Talks as NATO Strikes Hit Capital - Reuters

Yemen

Yemen on the Brink of Hell - NYT

Car Bomb Blast Kills Soldiers in Aden - BBC

Car Bomb Kills 8 Soldiers in Yemen - AP

Egypt

Doubts Grow in Egypt About Trial for Mubarak - NYT

Uprisings in Egypt Take Violent Turn - WP

Clashes at Egypt Demonstrations for Political Change - BBC

Sharaf Seeks Order After Clashes Injure More Than 200 - Bloomberg

Clash Erupts During Egyptian Protest March - VOA

Scores Hurt in Clashes, Rulers Promise Democracy - Reuters

Protesters Clash With Knife-Wielding Men in Cairo - AP

Israel / Palestinians

Abbas: UN Statehood Recognition Is Only Choice - VOA

Turkey PM Demands Israeli Apology for Flotilla Dead - Reuters

Iran

Nuclear Scientist 'Shot Dead' in Tehran - BBC

Iran Blames US, Israel for Killing of Scientist - Reuters

Iran: Slain Man Was Student, Not Nuclear Scientist - AP

Middle East / North Africa

Shiite Mosques Demolished in Bahrain Crackdown - AP

Latest Developments in Arab World's Unrest - AP

Norway

Slaughter in Paradise: Inside the Norway Attacks - Time

Norway Mourns Twin Attack Victims - BBC

'Right Wing' Man Charged in Norway Massacre - VOA

Christian Extremist Is Charged in Norway - NYT

Norwegian Attacker 'Acted Alone' - BBC

Police Say Oslo Suspect Admits to 'Facts' in Massacre - NYT

Shooting-Bombing Suspect Recently Bought Six Tons of Fertilizer - VOA

Oslo Bomb was 'Oklahoma City-Type' - AP

Norway Police Search Farm for Clues - WP

Norway Survivors Recount Island Horror - LAT

World Leaders Share Sadness, Outrage Over Norway Deaths - VOA

Gunman's Background Puzzles Police in Norway - AP

Scouring the Web for Clues to a Suspected Attacker's Motives - NYT

In Norway, Piecing Together Suspect's Motives - LAT

What Did the Oslo Killer Want? - FP

Fringe Group Barred Suspected Norway Killer From Forum - Reuters

Norway Massacre Suspect Calls Deed Necessary - Reuters

Norway's Island Survivors on 2-Hour Fight for Life - AP

Norway Police Arrive 90 Minutes After Firing Began - AP

Attacks Put Spotlight on Rise of Right Wing in Europe - NYT

US Department of Defense

Gen. John Shalikashvili, Former CJCS, Dies - WP

Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, Former CJCS, Dies at 75 - LAT

Retired Army Gen. John Shalikashvili Dies - AP

Revamped Humvee with Chimney Catches Military's Eye - S&S

Walter Reed to Close After More Than a Century - AP

Navy Secretary Censures Former Squadron Commander - AP

Judge: USMC Must Reconsider Forced O-6 Reserve Removals - MCT

United States

Day After Collapse, Fresh Urgency to Debt Talks - WP

Congress Hopes to Present Debt Package by Monday - LAT

Africa

Al-Shabab Prevents Aid From Reaching 2.2M Somalis - AP

Aid Groups Can't Reach 2 Million Drought Hit Somalis - Reuters

Somalia Central Government Condemns Militants' Famine Denial - VOA

Somali Lawmakers Approve New Cabinet - VOA

South Sudan Rebel Leader Killed - BBC

Rebel Leader Killed in South Sudan - Reuters

War Over but Massacres Continue in Ivory Coast - AP

Congo Party Names War Crimes Indictee Bemba for Poll Bid - Reuters

Zimbabwe Militants Disrupt Human Rights Meeting - AP

Senegal: Dueling Rallies For and Against President - VOA

Protesters Urge President to Step Down in Senegal - NYT

Senegal Rally Backs Wade Campaign - BBC

Protest in Senegal Despite Ban in Some Areas - AP

God, Not Internet, Holds Key to Malawi Protests - Reuters

UN Chief Calls for Malawi to Resolve Differences - AP

Americas

Unraveling Mexico's Sinaloa Drug Cartel - LAT

Gunman Kill Two Mexican Cops Who Guarded US Diplomats - Reuters

6 Presumed Cartel Members Killed in Mexico Battle - AP

Seized Narco Assets Stolen, Lost in Colombia - AP

Chavez Returns to Venezuela From Cuba After Chemo - AP

Venezuela: Coping With Cancer, Chavez Contemplates Nietzsche - AP

Asia Pacific

ASEAN Cites Progress on N. Korea, South China Sea - VOA

Philippines: Freedom of Navigation in S. China Sea Under Threat - VOA

Clinton Issues Challenges on N. Korea, South China Sea - WP

US Tough on North Korea, South China Sea - AP

China Arrests Most-Wanted Fugitive After Canada Deports - NYT

Bullet Train Crashes in China; at Least 35 Killed - LAT

Senior North Korean Diplomat Set to Visit US - Reuters

North Korea Holds Local Elections Amid Succession - AP

Glimpse Into Daily Life in North Korea - AP

Clinton: Indonesia Can Be Democratic Role Model - AP

Burma Minister to Meet Suu Kyi-Official - Reuters

Europe

US Looks to European Allies for Defense Help - NPR

Caucasus Islamists Claim Russian Colonel's Murder - Reuters

Many Latvians Vote to Sack Their Parliament - AP

Protest Marches Converge on Spain's Capital - AP

Norway Attacks Put Spotlight on Rise of Right Wing - NYT

South Asia

Polls Held in Northern Sri Lanka - BBC

Sri Lanka's War-Hit Tamils Vote for Local Councils - AP

Sri Lanka Voting Marked by Skepticism on Change - Reuters

Proxy to Former Rebels Sweeps Sri Lanka Elections - AP

Read more about 24 July SWJ Roundup

The Prine-Burke-Few Doctrine and the COINdinistra Manual

Jason Fritz comments on SWJ's Evolving the COIN Field Manual: A Case for Reform by Carl Prine, Crispin Burke, and Michael Few with The Prine-Burke-Few Doctrine and the COINdinistra Manual at Ink Spots. In particular Jason adds to the list of concise points on why the current doctrine is insufficient.

Also see Andrew Exum's take at Abu Muqawama, Revising FM 3-24. Ex's primary criticism of FM 3-24 is the doctrine's weakness with respect to waging counterinsurgency as a third party.

23 July SWJ Roundup

Afghanistan

NATO: 50 Insurgents Killed in Eastern Afghanistan - AP

US Looks at New Ways to Supply Troops in Afghanistan - AFPS

ISAF Operations Roundup - AFPS

Afghanistan's Economic Test - WP opinion

Pakistan

Anti-Taliban Militia Kills 13 Militants - AP

Iraq

Iranian Exile Group Poses Vexing Issue for US in Iraq - NYT

Syria

Syrian Protests Ripple Across Nation Despite Crackdown - VOA

Protests' Size Shows Gain in Momentum Across Syria - NYT

Tens of Thousands Protest - BBC

Syrian Forces Kill 11 During Mass Protests - VOA

Syrian Forces Kill 11 People During Mass Protests - Reuters

'Saboteurs' Derail Syrian Train, Driver Killed - Reuters

Syrian TV: Train Derails in Central Syria - AP

Libya

Libya Needs Long-Term Humanitarian Assistance, Aid Groups Say - VOA

US Struggles to Fund Libyan Rebels - WP

Police in Rebel Capital Pivot from Oppressor to Protector - LAT

Rebel Spokesman: Gadhafi Must Face Trial - AP

Libya Wants More Talks With US and Rebels - Reuters

Libya Says Six Killed in Airstrike Near Brega - Reuters

Tunisia Reinforcing Border with Libya - AP

Yemen

Yemeni Women Find Voice in Revolution - VOA

Shelling by Yemen Security Kills Girl, Mother - AP

Israel / Palestinians

Israeli Law Bans West Bank Boycotts - WP

Egypt

Egyptian Activists Continue to Press for Faster Reforms - VOA

Standoff at Egypt's Defense Ministry - AP

Egypt Police Disperse Alexandria Protesters - Reuters

Iran

Survivor of Attack Leads Nuclear Effort in Iran - NYT

Iran Denies Shooting Down US Unmanned Spy Plane - AP

Middle East / North Africa

Protests in Jordan Persist, But Change is Slow - WP

Norway

Norway Attacks News Roundup - SWJ

US Department of Defense

Panetta Takes Formal Oath as 23rd Defense Secretary - AFPS

Obama Certifies Military Ready for 'Don't Ask' Repeal - AFPS

Military Certifies Repeal of 'Don't Ask' Policy - WP

Certification Sets Stage for Openly Gay Troops to Serve - S&S

Same-sex Military Couples will See Few Benefits - S&S

Thoughts of an American Warrior - NYT opinion

United States

Obama: Boehner 'Walked Away' from Debt Talks - WP

A Diplomatic Mission Bearing Islamic Hip-Hop - NYT

United Kingdom

PM Adds to Pressure on Murdoch - WP

Africa

WHO: Five More Regions in Southern Somalia on Brink of Famine - VOA

Somali Militants Will Block Aid to Famine-Stricken Areas - VOA

Somali Islamists Maintain Aid Ban, Deny Famine - BBC

Somali Militants Vow to Block Aid Groups - AP

UN: 'Strong Evidence' of Atrocities in Sudan's Southern Kordofan - VOA

UN Report: Congo Troops Blamed for Mass Rape - VOA

UN Report: Congo Colonels Block Rape Investigation - AP

Malawi President Vows to Track Down Protest Leaders - VOA

Malawi President Blames Protesters for Violence - NYT

Malawi Appoints New Army Chief After Crackdown - Reuters

Chad Asks Senegal to Extradite Habre to Belgium - VOA

Americas

Mexico: Juarez Lawman Brings Confidence, and a Troubled Past - WP

Gunmen Kill 2 Mexican Cops Detailed to US Mission - AP

Jailed American Makes Final Court Appeal in Cuba - AP

Jailed US Contractor Says Intended No Harm to Cuba - Reuters

Asia Pacific

US Takes Hard Line on North Korea, South China Sea - AP

Clinton Calls for 'Restraint' in South China Sea - AP

North, South Korea Seek to Resume Talks - WP

North and South Korean Top Diplomats Meet - AP

Chief Nuclear Negotiators From N. and S. Korea Meet - NYT

Clinton: N. Korea Must Do More to Restart Nuke Talks - AP

12 Years Later, Fugitive No. 1 Is Back in China - AP

Chinese Fugitive Arrives in Beijing After Extradition - Reuters

Europe

Serbia Hands Hadzic to War Crimes Tribunal - VOA

In Greek Pact, Compromises and Intrigues - NYT

Georgia Frees 4 Photographers Held as Spies for Russia - NYT

South Asia

Indian Women Tweak Their Slut Walk - WP

Indian Kashmir Shuts Down in Protest - AP

Key Local Elections in Sri Lanka - BBC

Sri Lanka's War-Hit Tamils Vote for Local Councils - AP

Read more about 23 July SWJ Roundup

You Can't Blame Me: Propaganda of the Deed (Updated)

You Can't Blame Me: Propaganda of the Deed

It is Friday. You're almost done with your boss's checklist. You can almost leave work for the weekend, one filled with adventures to Home Depot and Bed, Bath, and Beyond to satisfy your wife's desires. While you are there in one of our magical shopping centers, imagine that you observe four men conduct a raid to rob the store. In this case, the police are in the parking lot, but they refuse to intervene.

Do you still feel secure?

I imagine that over the next year, many folks will scramble to separate themselves from Iraq and Afghanistan regardless of the various pitch and chord they recorded over the last couple of years composing enlightened remedies of a better war. I heart their woes and empathize with their attempts to overcome human nature, an endeavor that intense thought and new ideas can transcend the natural order of things.

Unfortunately, there is no combination or bumper sticker approach that can overcome this specific law of human nature. In the fringe areas of modernity, perhaps it is time to reconsider more a Machiavellian or Hobbesian approach to those newly introduced to the democratic, capitalist approach found in our National Security Strategy.

Andrew Exum comes to mind. In his 2009 Op-Ed "On CT vs COIN," he proclaimed, "the distinction between COIN and CT, however, is poorly understood. For one, there is no hard and fast dichotomy between the two." During the same time period, while Andrew was conducting anonymous raids, I was having lunch with Iraqis near Abu Gharaib to ask Iraqis what they thought about life, the war, and their future.

Carl Prine, Crispin Burke, and I take issue with Exum's thoughts in "Evolving the COIN Field Manual: A Case for Reform." See point five.

"The dichotomy between "counter-terrorism" and "counter-insurgency" is a false distinction designed to force political choices. Too many scholars now have their reputations and careers staked on the efficacy and durability or failure of FM 3-24 and how it relates to the competing narratives about its use on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan. While we embrace these debates because they are intellectually vital for a nation at war, ultimately we must move on and find new means of analyzing irregular conflicts America is likely to face. "COIN" is not the "graduate school of war" because all forms of modern war-making are complex and are guided by intellectual responses to complicated events and ideas."

Bing West summarized this folly in the simplest form, "the new religion of benevolent counterinsurgency has been defined by the best writers. Especially in Big Army, attracting attention and prominence is helped enormously by an advanced degree and by the publication of theoretical papers on macro topics at the high level of warfare."

For an historical accord, the Romans phrased it "Facta non Verba," Deeds not Words.

Many moons ago, in the siege of Masada, deeds triumphed words. The Roman Empire forced a strategy of pacification to the outliers of its provinces, those who rejected control of the then supposed modernity. To quell the rebellion, Lucius Flavius Silva, governing the outlier states, dispatched thousands of the Legion to surround the mountaintop stronghold of Masada.

Deeds mean things.

For the Romans, they showed that they could project force any where in the world.

For the fundamentalist Jews, they showed that they would rather die than succumb to perceived tyranny.

What actions are we showing today and what do they mean?

UPDATE. Andrew Exum concurs with our critique. Now, I am confused considering that we contradicted him. I must consult the MISO for guidance.

UPDATE TWO. I've asked Dr. Exum to reply multiple times. He refused responding only, "What? Don't confuse to me linking to an article with agreeing with everything it says." So, with the tone of this post, measure his deeds. In 2009, he was a self-described counter-insurgency expert.

UPDATE THREE Andrew Exum states, "My primary criticism of the doctrine as it is currently written is the doctrine's weakness with respect to waging counterinsurgency as a third party, something both Charlie "Erin" Simpson and Steve Biddle have written a lot about." So, with the tone of this post, please explain why you, Erin Simpson, and Steve Biddle are experts in COIN..

Norway Attack Roundup (Updated)

*At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting - NYT*

"Norway suffered dual attacks on Friday when powerful explosions shook the government center here and, shortly after, a gunman stalked youths at an island summer camp for young members of the governing Labor Party. The police arrested a Norwegian in connection with both attacks, which killed at least 87 people and stunned this ordinarily placid nation..."

*91 Killed in Norway Island Massacre, Capital Blast - AP*

"A Norwegian dressed as a police officer gunned down at least 84 people at an island youth retreat before being arrested, police said Saturday. Investigators are still searching the surrounding waters, where people fled the attack, which followed an explosion in nearby Oslo that killed seven."

Bomb Blast, Gun Assault Terrorize Norway - VOA

Violent attacks savaged normally peaceful Norway on Friday, with an Oslo bomb blast killing at least seven people and then a gunman disguised as a police officer opening fire on a youth camp. The twin assaults occurred within hours of each other, although it was not immediately clear they were linked.

The mid-afternoon bomb blast rocked Norway's government headquarters and also set the nearby oil ministry building on fire. Hundreds of windows in the 17-story government headquarters were shattered, as were others in buildings as far as 400 meters away. Thick, black smoke billowed from some of the offices, and streets in the normally quiet neighborhood were littered with debris from the explosion. Authorities said at least seven people were killed and numerous others injured.

Hours later, police reported that a gunman disguised as a police officer opened fire on youths attending a camp sponsored by the ruling Labour Party. At least five people were wounded in the attack. Authorities said they dispatched anti-terror police to the campsite on Utoeya Island south of Oslo...

CNA, a research group that studies terrorism, said a terror group, Ansar al-Jihad al-Alami (the Helpers of the Global Jihad) claimed responsibility for the attacks. The Islamist organization said the attacks were in response to the presence of Norwegian troops in Afghanistan as part of the U.S.-led international fight against the Taliban and Islamic insurgents, as well as insults against the Prophet Mohammed...

Update: Norwegian Blamed for Deadly Twin Attacks - VOA

... Norway's Justice Minister told reporters that the man who carried out the attack on the island is Norwegian and that he is now in custody. Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg also addressed reporters. He said what he called the "cowardly attack" will not destroy Norway's democracy or its "commitment to a better world." ...

*At Least 91 Dead in Norway Shooting, Bomb Attack - Reuters*

*Man Arrested at Camp Shooting Linked to Bombing in Oslo - AP*

*Norway Suspect Described as Right-wing Christian - LAT*

*Gunman's Background Puzzles Police in Norway - AP*

*Analysis: Questions Over Far-Right Link in Norwegian Attacks - Reuters*

More

Blasts and Gun Attack in Norway; 7 Dead - NYT

Blast Rocks Oslo; Gunman Attacks Youth Camp - WP

Deadly Attacks Shake Norway - WSJ

Oslo Bomb Blast Kills at Least 7, Injures Several - LAT

Twin Terror Attacks Shock Norway - BBC

Norway Struck by 2 Deadly Attacks - CNN