Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 55: Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) Expanding its Reach to Chile
Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 55: Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) Expanding its Reach to Chile
John P. Sullivan and Diego Ramírez Sánchez
Brazil’s Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC) is expanding its reach into Chile. The group, also known in English, as the First Capital Command is reportedly consolidating its expansion into Chile. This expansion is triggering intense political debate in Chile as the Chilean state seeks to come to terms with transnational organized crime’s impact on the local criminal ecosystem and challenges state capacity to address globalized gangs.
Members of Chilean Carabineros and Navy Displaying Evidence from Large Marijuana Seizure in Chile’s Valparaiso Region in 2021 (Source: Chilean Navy)
Key Information: “Drug trafficking gangs: Brazil’s PCC operating in Chile.” MercoPress. 13 March 2024, https://en.mercopress.com/2024/03/13/drug-trafficking-gangs-brazil-s-pcc-operating-in-chile:
Following a confession from a Chilean prison inmate, it was determined that São Paulo’s notorious First Capital Command (PCC) had expanded its operations, it was reported in Santiago. In addition, raids in correctional facilities in Brazil detected communications further corroborated the news since proof of communications between the two countries was detected.
According to local media, the PCC Chile branch is headed by Juan Bayron Nataly Santander, alias “Pelado,” backed by Brazilian Lucas Leonardo de Oliveira Santos, known as “Negrinho.” The gang is said to be seeking to expand its arms and drugs trafficking business, it was explained. Paraguay’s Prosecutor’s Office said that there were Chilean nationals involved in a recent high-profile robbery in Ciudad del Este (CDE).
The 35.000-strong Brazilian gang linked to the Aragua Train was also said to be in Chile since 2022. A Carabineros report also noted that it was present in many other South American countries, outsourcing criminal services where they provide logistical support and human resources.
Key Information: Efraín Leiva, “La sombra del Comando de la Capital: Mafia brasileña operaría en Chile con nexos al Tren de Aragua.” CHV Noticias (Chilevision). 22 December 2023, https://www.chvnoticias.cl/reportajes/mafia-brasilena-opera-en-chile-tren-de-aragua-secuestros-asesinato-marcelo-pecci_20231222/:
Se dedican al narcotráfico, secuestros, extorsiones, asaltos y hasta sicariato. Son originarios de Brasil, pero en el último tiempo han extendido sus operaciones por diversos países de Latinoamérica. Se trata del temido Primer Comando de la Capital o PCC, la peligrosa organización criminal se encuentra conformada por 9 chilenos y 9 brasileños, a la que se le atribuyen asesinatos de militares y del fiscal paraguayo Marcelo Pecci. Según un informe de Carabineros, podría tener miembros operando en Chile e incluso podrían tener nexo con el Tren de Aragua.[1]
Key Information: Emilio Lara, “Crimen organizado: UDI alerta que Primer Comando Capital de Brasil estaría en Chile.” BBCl (Bío Bío Comunicaciones Concepción–Chile). 21 January 2023, https://www.biobiochile.cl/especial/el-narco-en-chile/noticias/2023/01/21/crimen-organizado-udi-alerta-que-primer-comando-capital-de-brasil-estaria-chile.shtml:
En medio de la polémica y la reacción del Gobierno por la posibilidad que las maras de El Salvador hayan llegado a Chile, los diputados Juan Manuel Fuenzalida y Renzo Trisotti, de la comisión investigadora sobre criminalidad en la Macrozona Norte, aseguraron que ya existen antecedentes del arribo de otras organizaciones delictuales al país, como por ejemplo el Primer Comando Capital (PCC) de Brasil, un peligroso grupo con muertes a cuestas y una nutrida red de contactos en el mundo delictual internacional.[2]
Key Information: Cristián Meza, “Fiscal Nacional descarta presencia en Chile de peligrosa banda criminal brasileña.” El Dínamo. 23 January 2023, https://www.eldinamo.cl/pais/2023/01/23/fiscal-nacional-descarta-presencia-en-chile-de-peligrosa-banda-criminal-brasilena/:
Ángel Valencia, flamante Fiscal Nacional, salió al paso de lo señalado por diputados UDI y descartó la presencia en Chile de la banda criminal brasileña Primer Comando Capital (PCC).
Y es que los diputados de la UDI Juan Manuel Fuenzalida y Renzo Trisotti dieron cuenta de la presencia de la organización en nuestro país, además de acusar a las autoridades de “bajarle el perfil”, agregando que “el Gobierno tiene la obligación de transparentar la situación que estamos viviendo, aunque eso implique reconocer que el escenario es grave”.
“La situación en materia de crimen organizado transnacional es realmente preocupante y estamos llegando a límites nunca antes vistos en nuestro país. Pero lamentablemente, hemos tenido que recurrir a comisiones investigadores para enterarnos de la existencia de nuevas organizaciones que estarían operando en Chile. Y pese a que se ha señalado que las autoridades manejan esa información desde el año pasado, el Gobierno se ha empecinado en negar su existencia y en bajarle el perfil, lo que es absolutamente injustificable“, argumentaron.
Los parlamentarios sostuvieron que “nuestro país se merece saber qué organizaciones criminales están operando en Chile, en qué regiones tienen una mayor presencia y cuáles van a ser las políticas que impulsará el Gobierno para poder combatirlas y desterrarlas”.[3]
Key Information: Carlos Basso Prieto, “Jaime Araya (PPD) busca que identidad de testigos y agentes encubiertos sea secreta para siempre.” El Mostrador. 22 September 2023, https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2023/09/22/jaime-araya-ppd-propondra-que-identidad-de-testigos-y-agentes-encubiertos-sea-secreta-para-siempre/:
Junto con confirmar la presencia en Chile del grupo carcelario brasileño Primer Comando de la Capital (PCC), el diputado –que presidió la Comisión Especial Investigadora de la criminalidad en la macrozona norte– sostiene que el Estado debe optar entre proteger las garantías de los imputados o las de víctimas y agentes encubiertos.
“ha habido un verdadero estallido del tema del crimen organizado en nuestro país, lo hemos visto día a día” y agrega que, frente a ello, “hay que abrirse a legislar con cierta rapidez estas materias, para que no quede ninguna duda, porque además muchos de los principios que imperan para el proceso penal chocan hoy día con este fenómeno que nosotros no conocíamos, que no estaba en nuestro radar, que al momento de crear el sistema procesal penal no se conocían”.
Sobre lo anterior, da como ejemplo que verdaderas mafias de cultivo de marihuana se han instalado en las zonas de valles de las regiones de Coquimbo y Valparaíso, generando disputas territoriales muy fuertes, y añade que en Chile “nosotros hoy en día tenemos registro de Tren de Aragua, Tren de los Gallegos, el Primer Comando de la Capital, los Espartanos, el cartel de Sinaloa y Jalisco Nueva generación”, entre otros.
Cabe mencionar que el Primer Comando de la Capital (PCC) es un grupo brasileño de origen carcelario, cuya presencia siempre se ha mencionado como “probable” en el país, pero el diputado Jaime Araya –quien además presidió la Comisión Especial Investigadora sobre criminalidad en la macrozona norte– dice que, de acuerdo con la información que él maneja, la presencia en Chile de sujetos vinculados al grupo es un hecho.[4]
Key Information: Mario Gálvez, “En sesión secreta, PDI descarta antecedentes sobre las maras y evita poner nombres a los grupos criminales que actúan en Chile.” Ex-Ante. 23 january 2023, https://www.ex-ante.cl/en-sesion-secreta-pdi-descarta-antecedentes-sobre-las-maras-y-evita-poner-nombres-a-los-grupos-criminales-que-actuan-en-chile/:
Durante una hora y media, y en sesión secreta, diputados y jefes policiales especializados analizaron las nuevas técnicas y delitos que la ciudadanía está siendo víctima, en especial en la Macrozona Norte del país. La PDI descartó que haya antecedentes que permitan afirmar la actuación organizada en Chile de las maras o del Primer Comando Capital de Brasil. Sí hubo un reconocimiento de que la forma y el estilo de perpetrar los delitos tiene estrecha relación con la actuación del crimen organizado.
¿Un nuevo frente delictual? Junto con el revuelo que provocó este antecedente, durante el fin de semana los diputados de la UDI, Juan Manuel Fuenzalida y Renzo Trisotti advirtieron la llegada de otras organizaciones delictuales al país, asegurando que la banda de crimen organizado Primer Comando Capital de Brasil ya estaría en Chile.
- Aunque el hermetismo fue la característica al final de la reunión, trascendió que en la sesión de hoy los jefes policiales señalaron que no había antecedentes determinantes de que las maras y otros grupos delictuales sudamericanos estén instalados o actuando organizadamente en Chile.
- Hay un reconocimiento de que actualmente, en el territorio nacional, la tipificación de los delitos y la forma de perpetrarlos tiene estrecha relación con la actuación del crimen organizado.
- Pero, se evitó colocarle nombres y si estos estilos delictuales pertenecen a determinados grupos, como las maras o el Primer Comando Capital de Brasil.[5]
Key Information: Josefina Eckholt and Roberto Mourgues, “Crimen organizado transnacional: En solo 3 años la violencia alcanzó niveles inéditos en cultura criminal chilena.” CHV Noticias (Chile Vision). 20 December 2023, https://www.chvnoticias.cl/reportajes/crimen-organizado-transnacional-violencia-alcanzo-niveles-ineditos_20231220/:
En solo tres años el crimen organizado transnacional incorporó niveles de violencia inéditos en la cultura criminal chilena y sacó del mundo del hampa delitos que solo se cometían ahí, como los secuestros, por ejemplo. Un informe reservado del OS7 de Carabineros, advierte que el poderoso Primer Comando Capital de Brasil, más conocido como el PCC, ya habría alcanzado a Chile. ¿Cuál es el escenario actual? La evidencia indica que en otros países el crimen organizado internacional termina sometiendo a los clanes locales o estos acaban asimilando sus códigos para defender sus territorios y es eso, lo que hoy mantiene a las autoridades en alerta.[6]
Third Generation Gangs Analysis
Transnational criminal organizations and transnational gangs challenge states throughout the Western Hemisphere. One of the significant players in this transnational (and global) criminal political economy is Brazil’s Primeiro Comando da Capital, a prison-street gang complex originating in São Paulo.[7][8] One form of influence is directing attacks on the streets or ‘violent lobbying.’[9] In addition to exerting influence on the streets and acting as a territorial gang, the PCC is also acting as a third generation gang expanding its reach globally.[10]
The PCC’s global expansion is illustrative of the global illicit economy that fuels transnational criminal organizations.[11] One early example of the PCC’s expanding internationalization or global reach was seen in a 24 April 2017 robbery of an armored car warehouse in Ciudad del Este, Paraguay. This ‘Hollywood-style’ action colloquially referred to as a ‘bank robbery’ demonstrated the PCC’s potentials for expanding reach and operational innovation.[12][13]
More recent activity demonstrates significant global links, including an alliance with the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta, links throughout Europe, including Portugal and the UK, and links to West Africa, that reportedly include controlling neighborhoods in Lagos and Abuja Nigeria, according to Christian Azevedo of the Brazilian Federal Police.[14] The PCC’s early alliances with Bolivian cocaine-traffickers—called “Narcosur” by local media—was a precursor to its current links with Venezuela’s Tren de Aragua in Chile and elsewhere throughout the Western Hemisphere.[15][16]
This research note provides an introduction to the evolving transnational organized crime situation in Chile. The expanding reach of the PCC and its allies (the Tren de Aragua and MS-13) are an emerging public safety and national security risk in Chile.[17] All three of these gangs have transnational, third generation gang attributes. Together, these three groups can potentially overwhelm local crime control and policing efforts. Among the challenges these third generation gangs may pose in Chile include evolving into territorial, criminal armed groups (CAGs) or what Doug Farah and Marianne Richardson call community-embedded transnational armed groups (CETAGs).[18]
Conclusion
Addressing the threat of networked transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) with potentials to exert territorial control demands an assessment of both networked TCO capacity, alliances, and interpenetration with state organs. These potentials also demand an inquiry into calibrating Chile’s current police and national security capacity to address these evolving potentials, The Caribineros, Policía de Investigaciones de Chile or PDI (Investigative Police), military, intelligence sevice (Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia), and political establishment need to carefully collaborate in this assessment. Finally, Chilean security and policing agencies need to closely collaborate with their international partners in Latin America and beyond to address the transnational linkages among these global criminal enterprises.
Sources
“Drug trafficking gangs: Brazil’s PCC operating in Chile.” MercoPress. 13 March 2024, https://en.mercopress.com/2024/03/13/drug-trafficking-gangs-brazil-s-pcc-operating-in-chile.
Mario Gálvez, “En sesión secreta, PDI descarta antecedentes sobre las maras y evita poner nombres a los grupos criminales que actúan en Chile.” Ex-Ante. 23 January 2023, https://www.ex-ante.cl/en-sesion-secreta-pdi-descarta-antecedentes-sobre-las-maras-y-evita-poner-nombres-a-los-grupos-criminales-que-actuan-en-chile/.
Emilio Lara, “Crimen organizado: UDI alerta que Primer Comando Capital de Brasil estaría en Chile.” BBCl (Bío Bío Comunicaciones Concepción–Chile). 21 January 2023, https://www.biobiochile.cl/especial/el-narco-en-chile/noticias/2023/01/21/crimen-organizado-udi-alerta-que-primer-comando-capital-de-brasil-estaria-chile.shtml.
Efraín Leiva, “La sombra del Comando de la Capital: Mafia brasileña operaría en Chile con nexos al Tren de Aragua.” CHV Noticias (Chile Vision). 22 December 2023, https://www.chvnoticias.cl/reportajes/mafia-brasilena-opera-en-chile-tren-de-aragua-secuestros-asesinato-marcelo-pecci_20231222/.
Cristián Meza, “Fiscal Nacional descarta presencia en Chile de peligrosa banda criminal brasileña.” El Dínamo. 23 January 2023, https://www.eldinamo.cl/pais/2023/01/23/fiscal-nacional-descarta-presencia-en-chile-de-peligrosa-banda-criminal-brasilena/.
Carlos Basso Prieto, “Jaime Araya (PPD) busca que identidad de testigos y agentes encubiertos sea secreta para siempre.” El Mostrador. 22 September 2023, https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2023/09/22/jaime-araya-ppd-propondra-que-identidad-de-testigos-y-agentes-encubiertos-sea-secreta-para-siempre/.
Endnotes
[1] In English, the title reads: “The Shadow of the Capital Command: Brazilian Mafia operating in Chile with links to the Tren de Aragua.” The text reads: “They are involved in drug trafficking, kidnapping, extortion, assaults and even contract killings. They are originally from Brazil, but have recently expanded their operations to several Latin American countries. They are the feared First Capital Command or PCC, the dangerous criminal organization is made up of 9 Chileans and 9 Brazilians, to which the murders of military personnel and the Paraguayan prosecutor Marcelo Pecci have been attributed. According to a Carabineros report, it may have members operating in Chile and may even have links to the Tren de Aragua.
[2] In English, the title reads: “Organized crime: UDI [Unión Demócrata Independiente] warns that Brazil’s First Capital Command could be in Chile.” The text reads: “In the midst of the controversy and the government’s reaction to the possibility that gangs from El Salvador have arrived in Chile, Congressmen Juan Manuel Fuenzalida and Renzo Trisotti, of the commission investigating criminality in the Northern Macrozone, assured that there are already antecedents of the arrival of other criminal organizations in the country, such as the First Capital Command (PCC) from Brazil, a dangerous group with deaths in its wake and a large network of contacts in the international criminal world.”
[3] In English, the title reads: “National Prosecutor rules out presence of dangerous Brazilian criminal gang in Chile.” The text reads: “Ángel Valencia, the new National Prosecutor, responded to the statements made by UDI deputies and ruled out the presence in Chile of the Brazilian criminal gang First Capital Command (PCC). […] UDI deputies Juan Manuel Fuenzalida and Renzo Trisotti reported the presence of the organization in our country and accused the authorities of “lowering its profile”, adding that “the government has the obligation to make transparent the situation we are experiencing, even if that means recognizing that the situation is serious.” […] “The situation in terms of transnational organized crime is really worrying and we are reaching limits never seen before in our country. But unfortunately, we have had to resort to investigative commissions to learn of the existence of new organizations that are operating in Chile. And although it has been pointed out that the authorities have been handling this information since last year, the Government has persisted in denying its existence and lowering its profile, which is absolutely unjustifiable,” they argued. […] The parliamentarians argued that “our country deserves to know which criminal organizations are operating in Chile, in which regions they have a greater presence and what policies the government will promote to combat and eradicate them.”
[4] In English, the title reads: “Jaime Araya (PPD) [Partido por la Democracia] seeks that the identity of witnesses and undercover agents be kept secret forever.” The text reads: “Along with confirming the presence in Chile of the Brazilian prison group First Capital Command (PCC), the deputy – who chaired the Special Investigation Commission on crime in the northern macro-zone – argues that the State must choose between protecting the guarantees of the accused or those of victims and undercover agents.” […] “There has been a real explosion of organized crime in our country, we have seen it day by day” and adds that, in view of this, “we must be open to legislate these matters with some speed, so that there is no doubt, because many of the principles that prevail for the criminal process clash today with this phenomenon that we did not know, that was not on our radar, that at the time of creating the criminal procedure system was not known.” […] “In this regard, he gives as an example that real marijuana growing mafias have set up in the valley areas of the regions of Coquimbo and Valparaiso, generating very strong territorial disputes, and adds that in Chile ‘today we have records of the Tren de Aragua, Tren de los Gallegos, the First Capital Command, the Espartanos, the Sinaloa cartel and the Jalisco New Generation, ‘among others.” […] ‘It is worth mentioning that the First Capital Command (PCC) is a Brazilian group originating in prison, whose presence has always been mentioned as ‘probable’ in the country, but Congressman Jaime Araya—who also chaired the Special Investigative Commission on crime in the northern macro-zone—says that, according to the information he handles, the presence in Chile of subjects linked to the group is a fact.”
[5] In English, the title reads: “In secret session, PDI [Policía de Investigaciones de Chile] dismisses information on gangs and avoids naming criminal groups operating in Chile.” The text reads: “During an hour and a half, and in a secret session, deputies and specialized police chiefs analyzed the new techniques and crimes that citizens are being victimized, especially in the Northern Macrozone of the country. The PDI ruled out that there are no antecedents that allow affirming the organized action in Chile of the maras or of the First Capital Command of Brazil. There was, however, an acknowledgement that the way and style of committing crimes is closely related to organized crime.” […] “A new criminal front? In addition to the commotion provoked by this information, during the weekend UDI [Unión Demócrata Independiente ] deputies Juan Manuel Fuenzalida and Renzo Trisotti warned of the arrival of other criminal organizations in the country, assuring that the First Capital Command organized crime group from Brazil was already in Chile.” […] Although secrecy was the characteristic at the end of the meeting, it was reported that in today’s session the police chiefs indicated that there was no conclusive evidence that the maras and other South American criminal groups are installed or acting in an organized manner in Chile.” […] “There is a recognition that currently, in the national territory, the typification of crimes and the way of perpetrating them is closely related to the actions of organized crime.” […] But, they avoided putting names on the groups or stating if these criminal styles belong to certain groups, such as the maras or the First Capital Command of Brazil.”
[6] In English, the title reads: “Transnational organized crime: In only 3 years violence reached unprecedented levels in Chilean criminal culture.” The text reads: “In just three years, transnational organized crime has incorporated unprecedented levels of violence into Chile’s criminal culture and taken crimes that were only committed there, such as kidnapping, for example, out of the underworld. A confidential report by the Carabineros OS7 warns that Brazil’s powerful First Capital Command, better known as the PCC, has already reached Chile. What is the current scenario? The evidence indicates that in other countries international organized crime ends up subduing local clans or these end up assimilating their codes to defend their territories and this is what keeps the authorities on alert today.”
[7] See John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, “Criminal Armed Groups Compete with the State and Each Other,” Word on the Street (Urban Violence Research Network), 14 July 2022 for an overview of their book John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, Eds. Competition in Order and Progress: Criminal Insurgencies and Governance in Brazil. Bloomington: Xlibris, 2022.
[8] Prison-Street Gang Complexes are criminal gangs that operate in both prisons and on the street. They are characterized by their ability to provide alternative (criminal governance in correctional facilities and to project that power and influence onto the streets. The PCC is a classic example of this variety of force projection. See Sullivan’s work on both criminal insurgencies and third generation gangs in this regard; for example John P. Sullivan, “John P. Sullivan, “The Challenges of Territorial Gangs: Civil Strife, Criminal Insurgencies and Crime Wars.” Revista do Ministério Público Militar (Brazil), Edição n. 31, November 2019, https://www.academia.edu/40917684/The_Challenges_of_Territorial_Gangs_Civil_Strife_Criminal_Insurgencies_and_Crime_Wars.
[9] See Benjamin Lessing, “Violent Corruption and Violent Lobbying: The Logic(s) of Cartel-State Conflict in Mexico, Brazil and Colombia.” EDGS Working Paper, Number 4. Equality Development and Globalization Studies (EDGS), Northwestern University, 27 November 2012, https://www.edgs.northwestern.edu/documents/working-papers/violent-corruption-and-violent-lobbying.pdf.
[10] See John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, Eds., Strategic Notes on Third Generation Gangs.Bloomington: Xlibris, 2020.
[11] See John P. Sullivan, “The Information Age: Transnational Organized Crime, Networks, and Illicit Markets.” Journal of Strategic Security. Vol. 16, no. 1, 2023, pp. 51–71, https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/jss/vol16/iss1/4/.
[12] On the PCC’s internationalization, see Valerie Wirtschafter, “The internationalization of organized crime in Brazil.” Brookings. 24 January 2024, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-internationalization-of-organized-crime-in-brazil/.
[13] John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, “Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 4: Brigands, Bank Robbery, and Brazilian Gang Evolution at Ciudad del Este and the Triple Frontier.” Small Wars Journal. 26 May 2017, https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/third-generation-gangs-strategic-note-no-4.
[14] “Brazil’s biggest drug gang has gone global.” The Economist. 23 November 2023, https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2023/11/23/brazils-biggest-drug-gang-has-gone-global.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Antonia Laborde, “Venezuela’s Tren de Aragua gang terrorizes Chile.” El País (English). 7 March 2024, https://english.elpais.com/international/2024-03-06/venezuelas-tren-de-aragua-gang-terrorizes-chile.html.
[17] Links between the PCC, Tren de Aragua, and MS-13 are both emergent and evolving. Additional research is needed to define the scope of these links. For reports serving as sentinels in this evolution, see Ángela González, “Autoridades en Nueva York temen posible alianza de Tren de Aragua y MS13.” VOA (Voice of America). 15 February 2024, https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/autoridades-en-nueva-york-temen-posible-alianza-de-tren-de-aragua-y-ms13-/7489471.html.
[18] See John P. Sullivan, “Crime wars: Operational perspectives on criminal armed groups in Mexico and Brazil.” International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), No. 923, June 2023, https://international-review.icrc.org/articles/crime-wars-operational-perspectives-923 and Douglas Farah and Marianne Richardson, “Gangs No Longer: Reassessing Transnational Armed Groups in the Western Hemisphere.” Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No. 38. May 2022, https://inss.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/stratperspective/inss/Strategic-Perspectives-38.pdf.
For Additional Reading
John P. Sullivan, “Crime wars: Operational perspectives on criminal armed groups in Mexico and Brazil.” International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), No. 923, June 2023.
Diego Ramirez Sánchez, “Organized Crime in Chile: The Challenge Ahead.” Small Wars Journal, 4 July 2023.
John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, Editors, Competition in Order and Progress: Criminal Insurgencies and Governance in Brazil. Bloomington: Xlibris, 2022.
John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, “Criminal Armed Groups Compete with the State and Each Other.” Word on the Street (Urban Violence Research Network), 14 July 2022.
Guilherme Damasceno Fonseca, “The Use of Terrorist Tools by Criminal Organizations: The Case of the Brazilian Primeiro Comando da Capital (PCC).” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. XIV, No. 4, 2020.
