Small Wars Journal

SOCOM's Goal: Pre-Empt Wars

Sun, 05/19/2013 - 10:03pm

SOCOM's Goal: Pre-Empt Wars by Howard Altman, Tampa Tribune

... after more than 12 years of war, special operations forces are frayed — and in more demand than ever. With the military facing big spending cuts and a new emphasis on places around the globe, U.S. Special Operations Command, headquartered at MacDill Air Force Base, is working to adapt to new realities...

Read on.

Comments

Sparapet

Fri, 06/07/2013 - 3:45pm

A quote from the article toward the end:

<i>“Al-Qaida is going to undergoverned countries,” said Mann. “They are exploiting these rural areas for strategic safe havens.”

A top-down, big military footprint approach has failed in the past, Mann said. He advocates for the small footprint approach that special operations forces provide best.</i>

This is patent nonsense. The big-footprint approach did not fail. It was never the approach. Occupation failed. Namely, we failed at the business of occupation as a matter of strategy and willingness to deal with the moral dirt of occupation honestly. The three co-dependent concerns of occupation are politics, economics, and security. We focused on one of these and then wondered why the whole enterprise was such a cluster. Framing this argument as a matter of foot-print and "top down direction" is specious and self-serving.

SOF will fail just as GPF failed if the strategy they are executing isn't up to the task of socio-economic reform. Going about the hinterlands of the world and dropping AQ bodies is a strategy, but it is not a strategy that will impact socio-economic structures. And let's be honest with ourselves, where in the ranks of SOF are the socio-economics experts with a few decades to spare to manage such strategies? At best we should be prepared for marginal gains. They are gains, with fewer AQ-types if we are successful. But let's keep the dreaming in check.

Bill C.

Sun, 06/09/2013 - 3:04pm

In reply to by Sparapet

President Obama: "The status quo is not sustainable."

Given that we understand that the status quo cannot and will not hold (nor do we wish it to), we would now seem to:

a. Start/support wars to achieve favorable state and societal change and

b. Deploy our forces to prevent wars which might result in unfavorable state and societal transformation.

Regarding favorable and unfavorable state and societal change, it may be important to note what our President means when he talks about "self-determination."

The President would NOT seem to indicate that we support the idea that people have the right to choose their own way of life and their own way of governance.

Rather, the President's view of "self-determination" would seem to be that populations have the right to pursue OUR way of life and OUR way of governance, to wit:

a. Free speech,

b. The right of peaceful assembly,

c. The equality of men and women,

d. The rule of law,

e. And the right to choose one's own leaders.

(Some of the President's statements and thoughts on the "status quo" and "self-determination" to be found here: http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/05/19/remarks-president…)

Thus, and attempting to come full circle: When we see American forces deployed in other countries today, should we understand that these forces, generally speaking, are being deployed:

1. To support a government and/or population which is attempting to achieve (and/or maintain) some version of our way of life and our way of governance, and,

2. To stand against, prevent and preclude a government or population from achieving (and/or maintaining) a way of life and/or way of governance which is fundamentally different from our own?

The "end" to which our special and other forces will be used to "prevent" and/or to "facilitate" war to be understood within this context?

Sparapet

Fri, 06/07/2013 - 3:25pm

In reply to by Bill C.

That's easy.....we prevent wars to preserve the status quo. We also start them to preserve the status quo. E.g. Gulf I. We are actually quite bad at starting wars to alter the status quo, usually blundering into the altering while initially starting only to preserve. E.g. WWII, Korea, Vietnam. And when we do get around to doing it on purpose, we usually wind up in the ugly little place that OIF/OEF put us in. Because to alter the status quo means to establish something new, which requires intent. Occasionally we manage it, e.g. Nicaragua, but the batting average is pretty poor.

We also don't fight for self-determination of others lest it suit our needs. Of course, that is a perfectly valid tactic that I have no problem with employing. It's invalid, however, to suggest we value self-determination on its own merits. History simply does not support that idea.

Now my two cents. The rhetoric about pre-emption is just that, rhetoric. It is the product of the ideas that 1. the status quo is of value 2. nothing worth having is gained by offensive war 3. the one who prevents war has moral standing.

All of that is for public consumption. At least I hope so. I'd hate for our wars to be crusades for their own sake.

Bill C.

Thu, 06/06/2013 - 11:57am

Here is a (seemingly) simple question:

Special forces used to prevent wars to what end?

Herein, let us consider the current theory: Self-determination.

Thus:

a. Special forces.

b. Used to prevent wars.

c. So that self-determination (in other countries) can be realized.

Problem:

1. The presence of foreign special (and/or other) forces in another country would seem to negate the idea that "self-determination" was what was going on. The foreign power(s) would seem to be intervening so as to help one side or another achieve victory and, thereby, secure its (the foreign power's) own interests. "Self-determination," therefore, and via these such interventions, being denied -- and being shown to be simply fancy, fantasy or subterfuge?

2. "War" is a classic, common and frequently essential tool which is often needed to achieve "self-determination" (American Revolution). Thus, to deny and/or to preclude war is one not, in effect, denying a population its, potentially, most important and most critically needed tool re: the ability to "self-determine?"

Thus, if not to facilitate "self-determination," to what end are US special (and/or other) forces being deployed to prevent wars in other countries?

Bill C.

Sun, 05/19/2013 - 11:45pm

Re: The "Back to the Future" comment:

Should we consider that the author -- intentionally or unintentionally -- may have suggested that we are reverting, once again, to something akin to "containment?"

COL Bradin: "There has been a shift in strategy from war to defensive tactics."

Sparapet

Wed, 06/05/2013 - 11:34am

In reply to by Bill M.

Bill M-

I am with you entirely on the matter of faux novelty of modernity when it comes to warfare and human affairs in general. But to the point of SOF taking on some novel, global role I have to apply the same conclusion. Employing assassins, saboteurs, rabble-rousers, and provocateurs has always been easier on the public stomach than sending "any man" to compel the opponent. That we don't like to use the pejoratives I just did to describe their actions because we cloak what we do in honor and goodness doesn't make these actions different in kind. I do agree that it is the best use of SOF for such things, but it is not novel.

The strategy governing the employment of these tactics, however, should be beyond the opinions of SOF. They will always justify these tactics if given a problem set, as they are generally life-long operators with at most a few early years in the GPF. SOF should always be at the decision table, but it is not the lead. Under the current system, the COCOM's should be the lead as they are supposed to manage the employment of US military power abroad.

I say this because I interpret Amd. McRaven's and your point to imply SOCOM primacy in such operations, as is becoming established.

Sparapet

Wed, 06/05/2013 - 11:32am

In reply to by Bill M.

Bill M-

I am with you entirely on the matter of faux novelty of modernity when it comes to warfare and human affairs in general. But to the point of SOF taking on some novel, global role I have to apply the same conclusion. Employing assassins, saboteurs, rabble-rousers, and provocateurs has always been easier on the public stomach than sending "any man" to compel the opponent. That we don't like to use the pejoratives I just did to describe their actions because we cloak what we do in honor and goodness doesn't make these actions different in kind. I do agree that it is the best use of SOF for such things, but it is not novel.

The strategy governing the employment of these tactics, however, should be beyond the opinions of SOF. They will always justify these tactics if given a problem set, as they are generally life-long operators with at most a few early years in the GPF. SOF should always be at the decision table, but it is not the lead. Under the current system, the COCOM's should be the lead as they are supposed to manage the employment of US military power abroad.

I say this because I interpret Amd. McRaven's and your point to imply SOCOM primacy in such operations, as is becoming established.

Bill M.

Sun, 05/19/2013 - 11:05pm

In reply to by Dave Maxwell

There are limited locations outside of Central Asia and small parts of Africa where a U.S. led VSO program would be welcomed by a partner nation or our country team. ADM McRaven has said repeatedly SOF won't be focused only on counterterrorism, but the article's focus was on countering radical extremists, so unfortunately the media that spreads our narrative doesn't seem to be able to move beyond that.

Counter terrorism operations will remain a constant much like they did prior to 9/11, as most of us know terrorism isn't going away; however, that is not the only strategic challenge that SOF should be focused on. The more I try to describe how the world has changed in the past decade the more challenging I find those arguments to stand up to reason. We have the same security challenges we had prior to 9/11, but our response to one of them "transnational terrorism" only demonstrated how we changed, not how the world changed, but we convinced ourselves it has. We changed, and we ignored a lot of what was in happening in the world as we directed most of our assets: intelligence, SOF, General Purpose Forces, USAID, etc. in pursuit of a largely failed effort to remake cultures. Furthermore, our narrow focus on Al-Qaeda enabled other adversaries to achieve positions of advantage globally. There are other ways to fight terrorism that don't involve taking over and occupying nations that will prove to be more effective and affordable. Despite all the talk about shifting our efforts to enabling partners, we'll still find it necessary to conduct direct action missions to kill those who intend us harm. Large or small scale stability operations will not pre-empt terrorist attacks. SOF will need to continue the fight against terrorists for the foreseeable future, but in a sustainable way that will have little to do with large scale stability operations. We need SOF to go global and expand their focus beyond countering violent extremists to address other strategic challenges to our national security that SOF is uniquely organized, trained, and equipped to do. That will require SOF to use a combination of tried and true approaches and to develop new tactics and capabilities.

Dave Maxwell

Sun, 05/19/2013 - 10:24pm

Great title (written with sarcasm). I am sure the editor and author probably meant prevent wars as I think there is some baggage with a doctrine of pre-emption. For more back to the future we should recall this excerpt from the 2002 NSS which also has been termed as the "Bush Doctrine" While the second paragraph below seems completely logical the use of the word preemption connotes in particular the Iraq War and that of course has baggage.

BEGIN EXCERPT:
From the 2002 NSS: The security environment confronting the United States today is radically different from what we have faced before. Yet the first duty of the United States Government remains what it always has been: to protect the American people and American interests. It is an enduring American principle that this duty obligates the government to anticipate and counter threats, using all elements of national power, before the threats can do grave damage. The greater the threat, the greater is the risk of inaction – and the more compelling the case for taking anticipatory action to defend ourselves, even if uncertainty remains as to the time and place of the enemy’s attack. There are few greater threats than a terrorist attack with WMD.

To forestall or prevent such hostile acts by our adversaries, the United States will, if necessary, act preemptively in exercising our inherent right of self-defense. The United States will not resort to force in all cases to preempt emerging threats. Our preference is that nonmilitary actions succeed. And no country should ever use preemption as a pretext for aggression.
END Excerpt.

Coming soon to a country a near you - the Afghan Village Stability Operations. Wonder how chiefs of mission feel about that?

BEGIN Excerpt:
Given his vision, McRaven might consider clips from another movie: “Back to the Future.”

A program special operators run in Afghanistan, for instance, where they work in villages training locals as police, is a modern version of what Green Berets did in Vietnam.

This program can work around the globe, Bradin said.
END Excerpt.

I absolutely agree that the traditional Special Operations (and in particular Special Warfare – generally embodied within Special Forces, Civil Affairs, and Psychological Operations) missions and activities have the most continued relevance today and in the future for addressing the complex security threats we face now and will in the future (ones that are not existential to the US, but may very well be existential to our friends partners and allies). But I do not think the journalist did any favors to USSOCOM in describing the narrative in terms of the Bush Doctrine as well as the vision of conducting VSO around the world. The missions conducted as part of VSO are absolutely relevant and timeless but each will be applied uniquely based on the situation as it really exists and the VSO model may not be appropriate around the world and in fact may receive push back from countries or our own civilian government agency personnel.