Journal

U.S. Army War College Strategy Research Project

The Nature of War Theory

By Lieutenant Colonel Paul B. Olsen, U.S. Army

Dr. Thomas J. Williams, Project Adviser

Download the Full Research Project: The Nature of War Theory

Today's advances in evolutionary biology are unifying competing theories of natural selection and serve as a timely call for a similar unification of competing theories of war. This paper explores the relationship between war and natural selection by first examining war's biological origins, and then placing them within a multidisciplinary framework called the Nature of War Theory.

This theory, as its name implies, reconciles natural selection and war to reveal a shared overarching and paradoxical duality, displaying that war is characterized by the simultaneous violent interplay of evolutionary individual-level and group-level adaptations, manifested by individualist and altruistic wars, respectively, and highlighted by trends and insights recognizable to both students of war and evolutionary biology.

Download the Full Research Project: The Nature of War Theory

LTC(P) Paul Olsen is currently a student at the U.S. Army War College, Advanced Strategic Arts Program. He holds Masters Degrees from Websters and George Mason University. His former assignments include speechwriter to the Commander, Combined Arms Center at Fort Leavenworth and command of the 249th Engineer Battalion (Prime Power).

by Paul Overby

Download the Full Article: Are The Taliban And Al Qaeda Allies?

"In my view" should preface every statement here. It is likely the situation in Afghanistan is understood perfectly by no one, certainly not I. So I present these remarks as a prolegomenon or an extended suggestion to which others may compare their own thoughts. Any figures, for instance, are approximate. I combine references to some of my favorite books with personal experience garnered from a total of about two and a half years on the street as an independent observer in Afghanistan and Pakistan, the first nine months of which are described in my book Holy Blood.

Download the Full Article: Are The Taliban And Al Qaeda Allies?

Paul Overby went to Peshawar independently in 1988 to witness the struggle of the Afghan Freedom Fighters; spent 6 months talking to exile Afghans; finally, for a brief moment, fought alongside the mujahideen in the hills of Kunar. In 1993, Holy Blood was published. That same year he returned to visit the major commander Mullah Naqeeb in Kandahar (and helped push start his Mercedes) and interviewed Ahmad Shah Massoud in Kabul. Since late 2007 he has made four trips to AfPak for a total of 20 months. Talking to hundreds of people on the street, staying as a special guest of his old friend Governor Sayed Fazlolah Wahidi in Kunar, and interviewing a few important figures, his goal was to understand the American position in Afghanistan and to find Osama--whom he tentatively placed in the Yarkhun Valley.

Dr. John Nagl, COL Douglas Macgregor, Dr. Nadia Schadlow, COL Gian Gentile, COL Robert Cassidy, and Celeste Ward Gventer

by Octavian Manea

Download the Full Article: Small Wars Journal Counterinsurgency Inquiry

1. Why should the local providing of governance be a concern for the U.S. military? Why should the U.S. military be in the business of providing local governance? An iconic image of the latest book by Bing West (The Wrong War, Grit, Strategy, and the Way Out of Afghanistan) is that of Lt Colonel McCollough who had to assume and perform the role of the governor, police chief, school principal, and banker, in Nawa.

2. Beginning in 2007, "You can't kill your way out to victory" became the hallmark of a military organization that until then was perceived as being too conventionally minded, too kinetic and enemy-centric focused. Has the U.S. Military succeeded in overcoming its Jominian culture of being too enemy-centric and becoming more comfortable with the drinking-tea and doing windows side of the spectrum? Able to successfully manage both the governance building and war-fighting skills? Or is it in the danger of going too much to the other side of the spectrum, of becoming too focused on drinking-tea and doing windows (projects, shuras, economic development), and so neglecting its war fighting core duties? Is this after all an impossible balancing act? And too confusing for a soldier trained as warrior?

Download the Full Article: Small Wars Journal Counterinsurgency Inquiry

Octavian Manea is Editor of FP Romania, the Romanian edition of Foreign Policy.

by Jon Mikolashek and Sean N. Kalic

Download the Full Article: Deciphering Shades of Gray: Understanding Counterinsurgency

There is a current trend in the United States Army, advocated by some officers, that population-centric counterinsurgency (COIN) theory should be the sole focus of their intellectual pursuits. Nicknamed COINistas by friend and foe alike, COINistas concern themselves with how and why insurgencies emerge. While this trend is understandable considering their numerous deployments in counterinsurgency environments, from an academic perspective they are narrowly focused and tend toward formulaic solutions. This means that they use their battlefield experience combined with recent and shallow knowledge gleamed from several popular counterinsurgency studies to produce a simplified "strategy" for the current fight. The problem with this "solution" is that it overlooks the true complexity of the counterinsurgency fight by fixating on finding a simple solution. Our proposal is that there is a better way to understand counterinsurgency that will benefit the United States Army and the nation. The Army as an institution and these experienced and valiant, noble officers must incorporate more history into their critical thinking and study of insurgencies.

Download the Full Article: Deciphering Shades of Gray: Understanding Counterinsurgency

Jon Mikolashek is currently an Assistant Professor of History at the United States Army Command and General Staff College in Ft. Leavenworth, Kansas.

Sean N. Kalic is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Military History at the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

by Bob Cassilly

Download the Full Article: Computer Aided Democracy (CAD)

The important roles computers and the internet played in stirring passions among activists in the Middle East come as no surprise to veterans of U.S. Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) in Iraq. Since the U.S. involvement in Iraq in 2003, computers have steadily emerged as indispensable tools of unlimited potential in development of effective, transparent, and democratic government.

Download the Full Article: Computer Aided Democracy (CAD)

Bob Cassilly was the lead Governance Advisor on the PRT in Salah ad Din Province from April 2006 to April 2007 while serving as an Army JAG. From December 2007 to December 2008 he served as the U.S. Department of State Senior Governance Advisor on the PRT in Karbala Province and from July 2009 to August 2010 as the Senior Strategic Planner for the Office of Provincial Affairs, Embassy Baghdad. The views expressed in this article are his own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of State or the U.S. Government.

To Design or Not to Design: In Conclusion

by Ben Zweibelson

Download the Full Article: To Design or Not to Design: In Conclusion

Is Design a necessary methodology for the U.S. Army? By codifying into service doctrine an entire chapter on design in FM 5-0, the Army appears to acknowledge the need for ontological approaches to complex systems. FM 3-24, Counterinsurgency also featured a new Design chapter when updated in 2006. Although the presence of design in doctrinal form validates a substantial requirement for alternative methodologies to JOPP and MDMP, Army design in current form suffers from an identity crisis as well as extensive tacticization via institutional bias. To take higher guidance without critical thinking and launch into MDMP prioritizes analysis and description over synthesis and explanation. Today's increasingly complex conflict environments cannot function without Design consideration prior to any detailed planning processes initiating. Yet Design by its logic is a cumbersome and problematic methodology when applied to traditional military planning processes.

Download the Full Article: To Design or Not to Design: In Conclusion

Major Ben Zweibelson is an active duty Infantry Officer in the US Army. A veteran of OIF 1 and OIF 6, Ben is currently attending the School for Advanced Military Studies at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He has a Masters in Liberal Arts from Louisiana State University and a Masters in Military Arts and Sciences from the United States Air Force (Air Command and Staff College program). Ben deploys this June to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan as a planner.

Editor's Note: The essay is the final of six in a series on design.

Civilians in the Build Phase

by Colonel Gary Anderson

Download the Full Article: Civilians in the Build Phase

"You Americans should not leave. Iraqis are incapable of governing ourselves. Within a year after you are gone, there will be chaos or another dictatorship. You are capable of ruling us; Iraqis are not"

-- Farmer Jamail, February, 2010

I was coming to the end of my tour. My conversation with Jamail that day was the last I would have with him. Nearly a year earlier our Governance Team had found the market area of Zaidon in a state of near chaos with a lethargic population, filthy and unpaved streets strewn with rubbish, and a pile of ruins where the milk collection plant had been. Without the collection plant, the dairy industry was depressed. That last day, the streets were clean and lighted, the potholes were gone, and solar lighting made night shopping possible. Business in the shops was booming and the once hostile populace was eager to talk and gossip with us. The foundation for the new milk collection facility had been laid, and it was scheduled to reopen within a year; indeed, it did open in early 2011.

None-the less, my conversation with Jamail depressed me. My job was not just to rebuild. It was to build up the local and national government in the eyes of the population. Jamail's words echoed those that I had heard too often that week in my farewell tour of the Abu Ghraib Qada'a which I had become fond of despite its challenges. We'd tried hard. When we sent out our Mobile Rural Support Teams (MRSTs) all carried the logo of the Abu Ghraib government. We had tried our utmost to give the Deputy Governor (Qaimaqam) and the Qada'a council credit, but the people saw through the ruse. They knew who was paying the bills and supervising the real work. Leadership by example can only go so far.

Download the Full Article: Civilians in the Build Phase

Gary Anderson is a retired Marine Corps Colonel who served as a Special Advisor to the Deputy Secretary of Defense on Counterinsurgency from 2003-05. He served on an embedded Provincial Reconstruction Team in Iraq in 2009-10 and is currently an Adjunct Professor at the George Washington University Elliott School of International Relations.

An Interview with Bing West, A Sequel

by Octavian Manea

Download the Full Interview: Interview with Bing West: A Sequel

What is wrong with the war strategy employed by ISAF forces?

The strategy's goal is "to serve and secure the people" (namely, the 11 million Pashtuns living in 7,000 villages.) This goal is too idealistic and too ambitious. We have 1,000 outposts; so what is happening in the other 6,000 villages? We do not patrol at night. We do not arrest. We do not speak Pashto or understand their Islamic tribal culture. How can we serve them? We can secure some of them as long as we are physically near at hand. But the people are the prize for winning the war, not the means of winning it. They are waiting to see whether the Taliban or the Afghan army wins. We are treading water with this strategy.

Download the Full Interview: Interview with Bing West: A Sequel

Octavian Manea is Editor of FP Romania, the Romanian edition of Foreign Policy

by Philip K. Abbott

Download the Full Article: Achieving a Peace Settlement between Abkhazia and Georgia: Lessons from Swiss Federalism

Since the end of the Georgian-Abkhazian War of 1992-93, negotiations failed to come up with a viable solution considered satisfactory to either side. To a great extent, any meaningful settlement must first rule out the subordination or exclusion of ethnic minorities by the majority. Thus bringing us to the unique political culture of Swiss federal democracy, where leaders generally avoid speaking in terms of "majority and minority". Instead, "Swiss political structures strive to be volksnah [in touch with the people] and to every extent possible, respond to the wishes of all citizens." While such an approach is not often observed in most democratic societies, this is one of many subtle features of the Swiss model that may offer a fresh look at addressing separatist movements. It is within this context, that the paper aims to highlight distinguishing features of Swiss federalism and how this unique form of government may add value and possibly transferable lessons for a peaceful solution to the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict.

Download the Full Article: Achieving a Peace Settlement between Abkhazia and Georgia: Lessons from Swiss Federalism

Colonel Philip K. Abbott, U.S. Army, is currently the Chief, Americas Division on the Joint Staff, J5 Strategic Plans and Policy Directorate. He received a B.A. from Norwich University, an M.A. from Kansas University, and an M.S. from the National Defense University. He served in various Command & Staff positions in the United States and Europe and worked extensively throughout Latin America as a Foreign Area Officer.

by Braden Civins

Download the Full Article: FM 3-24 COIN Manual Critique

The U.S. Army/Marine Corps Counterinsurgency Field Manual, published in 2006, quickly became doctrine for the U.S. armed forces. While the manual has its share of detractors, even its fiercest critics acknowledge that it is regarded as "transcendent" and has "become the defining characteristic of the...new way of war." This critique (1) explores the validity of a key assumption underlying the manual; (2) analyzes specific guidance offered as a result of that assumption; and (3) argues that the manual makes a significant omission of no small consequence.

Download the Full Article: FM 3-24 COIN Manual Critique

Braden Civins, a native Texan, is in his fourth and final year of study at The University of Texas, pursuing a J.D. from The School of Law and a Master of Global Policy Studies, with a specialization in Security Studies, from the L.B.J. School of Public Affairs.

by Scott Dempsey

Download the Full Article: Is Spending the Strategy?

American foreign assistance has long been misunderstood if not ridiculed by detractors as a frivolous expense that does not serve American interests. In an attempt to reassert the relevance of aid on the battlefield, Congress and the Obama administration have allocated unprecedented resources -- via USAID and the Commanders Emergency Reconstruction Program (CERP) -- with the thought that money, when paired with military force, can stabilize even the most violent hotspots around the globe. This belief is so widely held that during President Obama's 2009 West Point speech announcing a troop surge in Afghanistan, he called for a corresponding "civilian surge that reinforces positive action."

Download the Full Article: Is Spending the Strategy?

Until February 2011, Scott Dempsey was a USAID Foreign Service Officer, most recently with the Office of Afghanistan and Pakistan Affairs in Washington. From July 2009 - August 2010, he served as a development officer in Helmand Province. He also previously deployed as a Marine on a civil affairs team in Fallujah in 2005.

Small Wars Journal

Vol. 7, No. 4 is now available. 

Click here for the

full issue, or directly on these titles for single articles. In this issue:

by Joseph Collins

Download the Full Article: The April "Revolution" and the Soviet-Afghan War

The relative stability of 1933 to 1978 gave way to insurrection first against Afghan communists, and later, the invading Soviet Union. The communist coup (April 1978) and the Soviet invasion (December 1979) touched off a period of 33 years of war that continues up to the present. If we review the basics, however, the Soviet experience is not a good analog for U.S. and NATO operations.

Download the Full Article: The April "Revolution" and the Soviet-Afghan War

Joseph Collins, a retired Army Colonel, teaches strategy at the National War College. From 2001-2004, he was the first Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Stability Operations. He is a 30 year Afghanistan watcher. This article is the author's own and does not represent the analysis or policy of any government agency. It is drawn from his NDU Press book, Understanding War in Afghanistan, forthcoming Summer, 2011.

Iraq's Hard-Won Lessons for Future Transitions in the Middle East

by Peter J. Munson

Download the Full Article: Iraq's Hard-Won Lessons for Future Transitions in the Middle East

Eight years after the American-led invasion of Iraq, the Middle East sits at a crossroads. The pressure, building for nearly a century in the contrived states drawn up after western models after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, has finally begun to burst the dam. The oppression and inhumanity were so intolerable that Mohamed Bouazizi, a roadside fruit seller unable to cough up a bribe to keep his roadside turf, immolated himself after Tunisian authorities beat him. This tipping point led to weeks of rage, felling the Tunisian and Egyptian dictators, setting Libya, Yemen, Bahrain, and Syria on razor's edge, and forcing at least token reforms in Oman, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The depths of the frustration felt across the region, however, indicate not the promise of rapid transitions to democratic rule, but rather the extent of the damage to society, economy, and politics that will have to be overcome. While it is a unique case, the Iraqi experience holds hard-won lessons for what lies ahead. Rather than prescriptions on how to "do it better next time," the lessons should be that transition is an unpredictable and protracted process that cannot be predictably managed. This process can only find legitimacy in solutions that stem from the host society.

Download the Full Article: Iraq's Hard-Won Lessons for Future Transitions in the Middle East

Peter J. Munson is a Marine officer, aviator, and Middle East Foreign Area Officer. His first book, Iraq in Transition: The Legacy of Dictatorship and the Prospects for Democracy (Potomac, 2009), details the social, political, and economic legacies of the Saddam era and their intersection with the American-led invasion and its aftermath. He is currently working on a new project, tentatively titled War, Welfare, and Democracy: Rethinking America's Quest for the End of Democracy. The views expressed here are his own and do not reflect the position of the United States Marine Corps or the Department of Defense.

A Primer for Generating Force Integrated Strategy to Campaign Plan Development

by Rob Thornton

Download the Full Article: A Primer for Generating Force Integrated Strategy to Campaign Plan Development

This paper is designed to assist organizations responsible for strategic planning in understanding how a process can be used to develop a business strategy and how it can be used to operationalize that strategy into FY (Fiscal Year) campaign plans within the Generating Force. The paper does not seek to distinguish who has authority to make a strategy with respect to establishing an overarching course that guides actions, rather it seeks to assist those charged with strategic planning in distinguishing why the Generating Force may require specific processes based on the nature of its roles, responsibilities and the constraints, limitations and conditions that affect it.

Download the Full Article: A Primer for Generating Force Integrated Strategy to Campaign Plan Development

Rob Thornton, USA Retired, served in both Operating Force and Generating Force units and completed his service as a Functional Area 59.

Looking Beyond the Conventional Wisdom Surrounding the IDF Campaigns against Hizbullah and Hamas

by Lazar Berman

Download the Full Article: Beyond the Basics

The United States military devotes great resources and attention to understanding the Israeli campaigns against Hizbullah (2006) and Hamas (2008-9). The Pentagon has sent at least twelve teams to interview Israeli officers who fought in the 2006 Second Lebanon War. "I've organized five major games in the last two years," notes Frank Hoffman of the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory in Quantico, "and all of them have focused on Hizbullah." Only months after the end of Operation Cast Lead in January 2009, the US Army Combined Arms Center's Combat Studies Institute (CSI) at Fort Leavenworth published "Back to Basics: A Study of the Second Lebanon War and Operation CAST LEAD", an attempt to document the changes in the IDF over the two conflicts.

The conventional wisdom, especially in the US military, is that the IDF erred in several key areas during the Second Lebanon War. The IDF ceased training for high-intensity warfare. Perhaps more damagingly, the wisdom holds, the IDF adopted a new doctrine based on Effects-Based Operations (EBO), a doctrine that led IDF generals to abandon ground maneuver, and to believe they could defeat Hizbullah from the air. After the war, according to this approach, the IDF simply returned to previous understandings and doctrine, as shown in Operation Cast Lead in 2008/9.

Unfortunately, the conventional wisdom that has coalesced in America around the recent IDF operations, based largely on "Back to Basics" and other CSI studies, comes from a superficial understanding of the IDF and of its performance during the two conflicts. These accounts inaccurately portray the IDF in 2006, and miss the nuanced but profound change it went through after the war in Lebanon. The IDF that went to war in 2006 was heavily influenced by societal pressure against accepting casualties and by a prevalent low-intensity conflict (LIC) mindset. Caught without a fully developed doctrine, its performance, while not uniformly bad, was often muddled and indecisive. The experience of the war in Lebanon led to new IDF concepts of maneuver and victory, on display in Cast Lead. The dominant narrative in America attributes the products of the societal and LIC pressures to a doctrine never adopted by the IDF, and fails to recognize the new IDF concepts. Left uncorrected, this narrative puts the United States defense community at risk of learning the wrong lessons from Israel's recent campaigns.

Download the Full Article: Beyond the Basics

Lazar Berman is the Program Manager for Foreign and Defense Policy Studies at the American Enterprise Institute. He received an MA in Security Studies from Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service, with a concentration in Military Operations. Lazar served in the Israel Defense Force as an infantry officer in the Gaza area. He also commanded a platoon in the Bedouin Scout Battalion. His work has appeared in Small Wars Journal, Huffington Post, and the reading list for the US Army COIN course in Taji, Iraq.

The author would like to thank Gen. Itai Brun, Dr. Eitan Shamir, and the staff at the Dado Center for Interdisciplinary Military Studies for their support and insight while researching this issue.

by Jason Whiteley

Download the Full Article: War by Any Other Name Is War

In Starship Troopers, Robert Heinlein wrote that, "War is controlled violence, for a purpose." After the recent military intervention in Libya there has been a rush in some circles to distinguish the purpose of this most recent episode of 'controlled violence' from those military offensives launched by the United States against Iraq and Afghanistan in 2003 and 2001, respectively. Analysts aplenty have published observations on the normative use of military force and even provided frameworks for analyzing the latter half of Heinlein's quotation. However, to better inform ourselves on the context of the question of whether or not to initiate 'controlled violence,' we, as citizens, must also be certain that we have a common understanding of what is meant by war.

Download the Full Article: War by Any Other Name Is War

Jason Whiteley is a West Point graduate and an Iraq veteran. He has been widely quoted on building governance capacity in post-war countries. He is author of the forthcoming book Father of Money: Buying Peace in Baghdad (Potomac Books, 2011)

Book Review: It Happened on the Way to War: A Marine's Path to Peace

by Rye Barcott

Published by Bloomsbury USA, New York. 2011, 340 pages. $26.

Reviewed by Michael Few

Download the Full Book Review: It Happened on the Way to War: A Marine's Path to Peace

Rye Barcott's memoir, It Happened on the Way to War: A Marine's Path to Peace, is a study in opposites. There is the man he was, a combat veteran torn by the legacy of war, and the man he is striving to be, the humanitarian on a quest to end poverty at the local level in one distant slum. Following allegations that key moments in Greg Mortenson's Three Cups of Tea were fabricated, I delved cautiously into Barcott's book, fearing that I was buying a fourth cup of snake oil. But after reading the book, hearing Barcott speak, and talking to others associated with his charity, Carolina for Kibera (CFK), I doubt that this nonprofit was erected to brand Rye Barcott. The book can be enjoyed on its own terms as an emotionally, inspiring coming of age story. The core idea is that of the longstanding theory of participatory development, an alternative, indirect approach to empowering the poor. Rye Barcott merely serves as the vessel showing the evolution of CFK from theory into practice through his travels in North Carolina, Kenya, Bosnia, Djibouti, Iraq, and Massachusetts. CFK seeks to develop local leaders, catalyze positive change and alleviate poverty in the Kibera slum of Nairobi. The lingering question remains: will CFK succeed?

Download the Full Book Review: Book Review: It Happened on the Way to War: A Marine's Path to Peace

Michael Few is the Editor of Small Wars Journal.

Book Review by F. G. Hoffman

Download the Full Book Review: Effective Civil-Military Relations in the 21st Century

Mackubin Thomas Owens, US Civil-Military Relations After 9/11: Renegotiating the Civil-Military Bargain, New York: Continuum Books, 2011, 211 pgs, $22.95.

Protracted and indecisive conflict often generates serious fissures between policy makers and military leaders. It can also lead to profound cracks between societies and the military institutions they raise up and sustain to defend themselves. The United States has been at war for about a decade against enemies whose fighting style and tactics confound us, challenge our view of warfare and thwart our traditional sources of power. Victory has been elusive, but the costs are tangible and growing.

Against such a backdrop, one would have expected the oft conflicted elements inherent to American civil-military relations to have produced some crisis or dysfunctional undertow by now. In fact, even before the war, distinguished historians concluded that relations between our uniformed leaders and senior elected officials were "extraordinarily poor" and that the national fabric had been rent. There have been alleged crises; the purported Revolt of the Generals during the Bush Administration, Admiral "Fox" Fallon's apparent public policy disagreement with the White House over Iran, and the fallout from the Rolling Stones article where General Stan McChrystal's staff torched his career with what can only be charitably described as diarrhea of the mouth.

Despite the elongated situation in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the extraordinary pressures that have been placed upon the Armed Services by its constant deployment cycle and the personal costs of the war, the supposedly rent fabric is holding up. Flawed operations and strategic missteps there have been, but the sort of crisis predicted even before 9/11 has not emerged. But war is both an arbiter of and influence upon societies and military institutions, and long wars, conclusive or not, generate pressures to national institutions. Thus, Dr. "Mac" Owens' refreshingly lucid book is well timed to explain the foundation and evolution of U.S. civil-military interactions over the past decade.

Download the Full Book Review: Effective Civil-Military Relations in the 21st Century

Frank Hoffman is a retired Marine Reserve officer and works for the Department of the Navy.

North Africa Maritime Security Operations

by Lieutenant Commander Benjamin Armstrong

Download the Full Article: A Ketch Named Mastico

In May of 1801 the United States of America became involved in the nation's first overseas conflict when the administration of Thomas Jefferson formally refused tribute demanded by the Pasha of Tripoli to halt piracy on the Barbary Coast of Africa. Tripoli immediately declared war. For decades prior to the conflict American merchants struggled with the dangerous waters of the Mediterranean. The challenge posed by the Barbary pirates to American national and economic security was the very reason for the founding of the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The First Barbary War was a naval war, based on maritime causes and fought by America's young sea services. However, it wasn't a traditional naval conflict made up of fleet or squadron engagements and decisive battles at sea. America's first maritime conflict was made of maritime interception, counter-piracy, and maritime security operations as well as the organization and leadership of an insurgent force. It was a conflict that 21st century sailors would recognize and identify with, both in terms of geography and missions assigned. It can be described as the 19th century predecessor of today's naval irregular warfare campaigns.

Download the Full Article: A Ketch Named Mastico

LCDR Benjamin "BJ" Armstrong is an active duty Naval Aviator currently serving as Officer-In-Charge of an MH-60S Armed Helicopter Detachment. His unit is currently assigned to 6th Fleet providing search and rescue, special operations, and gunship support for contingency and maritime security operations off the coast of Libya. A frequent contributor to Small Wars Journal, he holds a Master's degree in military history from Norwich University and has published on naval irregular operations in a number of journals including USNI's Proceedings, Defense and Security Analysis, and American Diplomacy.

This article is a standalone expansion of his article "The Most Daring Act of the Age: Principles for Naval Irregular Warfare," published in the Autumn, 2010 issue of The Naval War College Review. The historical narrative serves as "prequel" to the NWCR article, describing the details of how the United States Navy's Mediterranean Squadron captured the Tripolitan ketch Mastico following the grounding and surrender of USS Philadelphia. The squadron's Maritime Security Operations reinforce the principles developed in the original article. Specifically, it illustrates the importance of having the right people, platforms, and partnerships for success in Naval Irregular Warfare.

by MG Michael T. Flynn

Download The Full Article: Sandals and Robes to Business Suits and Gulf Streams: Warfare in the 21st Century

Warfare used to be a bi-polar structure, state on state. Our defense establishment was more concerned with templating our enemies in a force-on-force engagement that was grounded in understood "rules of war." The battlefield was linear and structured, with clearly defined battle lines. We could isolate, contain, outflank, and attack our enemies well into the depths of the rear of their formations. Our enemies had tangible and recognizable infrastructures that, when attacked, could shut down their telecommunications networks and transportation systems. We were able to counter their numbers. There were parallel technologies, and in most cases numerical capabilities that we could quantitatively overcome. There were observable indications and warnings that enabled our high-tech intelligence system the advantage to provide the necessary early warning to detect movement of our enemy's formations. Those were the days.

Download The Full Article: Sandals and Robes to Business Suits and Gulf Streams: Warfare in the 21st Century

Major General Michael T. Flynn, USA, is an active duty intelligence officer with various command and staff positions in multiple tours to Iraq, Afghanistan, Grenada, and Haiti. Previously, Flynn served as the director of intelligence at Division, Corps, Joint Special Operations Command, Central Command and the Joint Staff. Flynn also holds three graduate degrees: a Master's of Business Administration in Telecommunications from Golden Gate University, San Francisco, a Masters in the Military Arts and Sciences from Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and a Masters in National Security and Strategic Studies from the United States Naval War College. Previously published reports include the co-authored CNAS report Fixing Intel: A Blueprint for Making Intelligence Relevant in Afghanistan.

by Warren K. Vaneman

U.S. military history, during the 50 years prior to the passage of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986, is filled with examples of operational problems, often caused by different doctrine of the services, lack of compatibility of communications and weapons systems, and in some cases inter-service rivalries. To address these deficiencies, Senator Barry Goldwater (D-AZ) and Rep. William Flynt Nichols (D-AL) proposed wide sweeping reforms to the Department of Defense (DoD). These changes were designed to: centralize the military advice to the President of the United State through the Chairman of the Joints Chiefs; defined new roles of the services, and enhanced the roles of the combatant commanders; specified the sharing of new technologies among the services to gain efficiencies through shared procurements; and changed the personnel management of military officers.

Download the Full Article: The Case for Joint Professional Security Education for the Afghan National Security Forces

CAPT Warren Vaneman, USN, is currently assigned to the NATO Training Mission Afghanistan/Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan (NTM-A/CSTC-A), as a Senior Military Analysts for the Deputy to the Commanding General. The views expressed in this article are his alone and do not reflect those of NTM-A/CSTC-A.

by Robert Tollast

Three former diplomats who served in Iraq during three phases of the conflict share their thoughts on the security, economic and political issues of their time in country.

Download The Full Article: Iraq: The Whole Thing Was Much Harder Than It Needed To Be

Even more important, during and following the savage civil war, the U.S. did two extraordinary things: we negotiated as opposed to dictated the terms for our withdrawal from the country we had invaded and occupied and then led a Herculean effort to get all the Iraqi sides to come to agreement on a constitution that allows them to govern themselves civilly and democratically. These are unprecedented achievements in Iraq's history, or indeed the history of any Middle Eastern country wracked with such deep sectarian and ethnic divisions. While Iraq faces many tests in the months and years ahead, especially following the departure of U.S. forces at the end of this year, it now stands as the Arab world's first experiment in liberal democracy with a genuine chance of success.

Download The Full Article: Iraq: The Whole Thing Was Much Harder Than It Needed To Be

Keith Mines served as the CPA Governance Coordinator for Al Anbar in 2003. Currently, he is the director of the U.S Embassy Narcotics Affairs Section in Mexico City.

Gary Grappo served as Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U.S Embassy in Baghdad from 2009 to 2010. Currently, he is the Head of Mission for the Office of the Quartet Representative. The Middle East Quartet is a diplomatic mission spanning the U.N, E.U, U.S and Russia looking to mediate the Israeli -Palestinian peace process.

Matthew Lodge served as the Deputy Chief of Mission at the British Embassy in Baghdad in 2007. Currently, he is Britain's Ambassador to Finland.

Robert Tollast is an English Literature Graduate from Royal Holloway University of London and has published articles for the finance publication AccountingWEB. He became interested in events in Iraq through his late father, who was a Military Intelligence Officer in Iraq with General Sir Maitland Willson's Persia/ Iraq force (Paiforce) in 1942. He is currently learning Arabic and would be interested one day to visit Iraq, although he concedes this is currently quite an eccentric ambition.

All opinions in this article are those of private citizens and do not necessarily reflect the policies of either the British or American Governments either now or during the times in question.

by Colonel John M. Collins

Download the Full Article: Warlord's Writing Tips

This short writing guide appeared as part of a larger article, Sharp pens sharpen swords: writing for professional publications, in the May-June 2006 issue of Military Review. It is republished here with the author's kind permission.

Download the Full Article: Warlord's Writing Tips

John M. Collins began to amass military experience when he enlisted in the Army as a private in 1942. Thirty years and three wars later, in 1972, he retired as a colonel. He spent the next quarter century as the leading analyst on military and defense issues at the Congressional Research Service. Ten years ago, he established the Warlord Loop, a by-invitation-only e-mail forum that fosters voluminous, freewheeling exchanges seven days a week.

To Design or Not to Design (Part Five):

Doctrine and Design: How Analogies and Design Theory Resist the Military Ritual of Codification

by Ben Zweibelson

Download The Full Article: To Design or Not Design (Part Five)

The invention of writing made standardization and conceptual control of information both possible and necessary as human civilizations passed experiences and values from one generation to the next. "Writing makes possible the codification and systemization of assertion, and hence the birth of doctrine." Doctrine originally fused religious ritual with the exclusivity and power of literacy. The educated minority subsequently created effective models for controlling human action, and through both access and knowledge of codified information, limit how the majority could deviate from them. "Ritual...does not succumb to rational argument, erected in favor of political or economic expedients. Religious ritual blunts rational objections in exactly this way." Ontological synthesis of doctrine for this article aims towards the scientific and historical aspects of the doctrinal process instead of ideological values.

Download The Full Article: To Design or Not Design (Part Five)

Major Ben Zweibelson is an active duty Infantry Officer in the US Army. A veteran of OIF 1 and OIF 6, Ben is currently attending the School for Advanced Military Studies at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He has a Masters in Liberal Arts from Louisiana State University and a Masters in Military Arts and Sciences from the United States Air Force (Air Command and Staff College program). Ben deploys this June to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan as a planner.

by Paulo Shakarian

Download The Full Article: Stuxnet: Cyberwar Revolution in Military Affairs

On June 17th, 2010, security researchers at a small Belarusian firm known as VirusBlockAda identified malicious software (malware) that infected USB memory sticks. In the months that followed, there was a flurry of activity in the computer security community -- revealing that this discovery identified only one component of a new computer worm known as Stuxnet. This software was designed to specifically target industrial equipment. Once it was revealed that the majority of infections were discovered in Iran, along with an unexplained decommissioning of centrifuges at the Iranian fuel enrichment plant (FEP) at Natanz, many in the media speculated that the ultimate goal of Stuxnet was to target Iranian nuclear facilities. In November of 2010, some of these suspicions were validated when Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad publically acknowledged that a computer worm created problems for a "limited number of our [nuclear] centrifuges." Reputable experts in the computer security community have already labeled Stuxnet as "unprecedented," an "evolutionary leap," and "the type of threat we hope to never see again."

In this paper, I argue that this malicious software represents a revolution in military affairs (RMA) in the virtual realm -- that is Stuxnet fundamentally changes the nature of cyber warfare. There are four reasons to this claim: (1) Stuxnet represents the first case in which industrial equipment was targeted with a cyber-weapon, (2) there is evidence that the worm was successful in its targeting of such equipment, (3) it represents a significant advance in the development of malicious software, and (4) Stuxnet has shown that several common assumptions about cyber-security are not always valid. In this paper I examine these four points as well as explore the future implications of the Stuxnet RMA.

Download The Full Article: Stuxnet: Cyberwar Revolution in Military Affairs

Paulo Shakarian is a Captain in the U.S. Army and a Ph.D. candidate in computer science at the University of Maryland (College Park) and will soon take up a position teaching computer science at the U.S. Military Academy. He holds a BS from the U.S. Military Academy and an MS from the University of Maryland (College Park), both in computer science.

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Military Academy, United States Cyber Command, the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the United States Government.

by Octavian Manea

Octavian Manea, Editor of FP Romania, the Romanian edition of Foreign Policy, continues his SWJ interview series. In this exclusive, Octavian asks Professor Theo Farrell and MG Nick Carter to describe their thoughts on the Battle for Helmand Province in Southern Afghanistan.

Download The Full Article: The Battle for Helmand

Geospatial Editor: Joyce Hogan

Download The Full Article: The Statistical Irrelevance of American SIGACT Data:

Maneuver warfare at its core is a mechanistic endeavor and fits with a corresponding necessity of top-down hierarchies. Conversely, counterinsurgency is a more ambiguous environment that varies in its complexity and context; it is the chess match of war. It is different in every locale and can cover the entire spectrum of war simultaneously. Consequently, counterinsurgency is difficult to put on a bumper sticker, to trademark as a catch phrase, or sell to a population and their representatives. In 2006 the United States (U.S.) public's perception of success or failure of the Iraqi counterinsurgency strategy was concentrated around the concept of massing combat power in time and space, often called the "The Surge." The term, "The Surge," condensed a new counterinsurgency strategy into a simple and quantifiable slogan for the sound bite culture surrounding current affairs in the modern world. Unfortunately, counterinsurgency is more complex than "add more and then you win."

Download The Full Article: The Statistical Irrelevance of American SIGACT Data:

Major Joshua Thiel is a United States Army Special Forces Officer and a recent graduate of the Naval Postgraduate School with a Masters of Science in Defense Analysis. He is currently serving in 1st Special Forces Group (Airborne).

by Phil W. Reynolds

Download The Full Article: Civil Affairs as a General Purpose Force: An Opportunity

CA doctrine has not kept pace with the execution of CMO by maneuver forces and this is creating a dangerous seam. CA is supposed to provide the commander with expertise in the execution of tasks that deal with the civil component of the battlefield. Stability Operations, Security Assistance and Non-Lethal Targeting all are areas which need to be addressed because of their strong civil component. With publications like FM 3-07 and FM 3-0 outstripping CA doctrine, the framework of operational themes and missions to CA missions is broken. But with the creation of the 85th CA Brigade, there is an opportunity for the branch to simplify and clarify its own doctrine. As the Army's General Purpose Force (GPF) Civil Affairs brigade takes shape there will be a greater emphasis on integration, particularly in regards to planning, conventional training, and deployments as part of a combined arms team. Nothing new needs to be created- Rather, bring CA doctrine more line with the rest of the Army and the Joint force.

Download The Full Article: Civil Affairs as a General Purpose Force: An Opportunity

Major Phil Reynolds, U.S. Army, Civil Affairs, is currently assigned as the CMO Planner for Army Central. He holds a B.A. from Saint Bonaventure University and an M.A. from the University of Oklahoma. MAJ Reynolds served with 1st Battalion, 319th Airborne Field Artillery Regiment and the 96th Civil Affairs Battalion (Airborne). He has worked in Africa, Iraq, and extensively in Central Asia. He will be attending the U.S. Naval Post Graduate School this summer, pursuing a degree in Defense Analysis.

Attacks on Journalists and "New Media" in Mexico's Drug War:

A Power and Counter Power Assessment

by John P. Sullivan

Download the Full Article: Attacks on Journalists and "New Media" in Mexico's Drug War

This paper examines the impact of attacks on journalists on media reportage within Mexico's drug wars, known as "la Inseguridad" in Mexico. It examines two concepts in communication theory (agenda-setting theory and "mind framing" for power and counter-power) to frame the impact of drug cartel information operations (info ops). Specifically, It examines cartel attacks on media outlets, and kidnappings and assassinations of journalists by narco-cartels to gauge the potential impact of the attacks in terms of censorship, cartel co-option of reportage, and the use of new media (horizontal means of mass self-communication).

Download the Full Article: Attacks on Journalists and "New Media" in Mexico's Drug War

John P. Sullivan is a career police officer. He currently serves as a lieutenant with the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department. He is also a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Advanced Studies on Terrorism (CAST). He is co-editor of Countering Terrorism and WMD: Creating a Global Counter-Terrorism Network (Routledge, 2006) and Global Biosecurity: Threats and Responses (Routledge, 2010). His current research focus is the impact of transnational organized crime on sovereignty in Mexico and elsewhere.

Practical Application of Complexity Theory to Military Operations

by Grant Martin

Download The Full Article: Tell Me How to Do This Thing Called Design!

Since first being introduced to "Design" I, like many others, have felt that there was an awful lot of theory and not enough practical application. Naturally, therefore, I feel sympathetic towards those who clamor for less background theory and more operational "how to" instructions. We are an Army of action, and there is little room, patience, or cultural tradition for too much time thinking about things. And, honestly, too much time hesitating, thinking, or theorizing many times will cede the initiative to those who act boldly. '"Okay", you say: "I'll trust your theory (or I'm just not interested in all that mumbo-jumbo), just give me what to do!!" If that quote is something that resonates with you, then this article was written with you in mind.

Download The Full Article: Tell Me How to Do This Thing Called Design!

Grant Martin is a U.S. Army Special Forces Major assigned to the U.S. Army JFK Special Warfare Center and School (Airborne).

by James Michael Few

Download The Full Article: The Pacification of Zaganiyah (Part One)

The attacks of 9/11 and subsequent Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) thrust the United States military General Purpose Forces (GPF) into a host of small wars. As we relearned the timeless art of counterinsurgency, much debate surrounds perfecting the proper mixture of gentle influence and violent coercion required as an external intervention force. In the beginning, this mixture is irrelevant. Instead, the most difficult problem facing the commander is one of information. How does one discover and define the current situation on the ground? This understanding is the critical foundation of all other planning and actions.

This essay describes how one Army reconnaissance unit answered this question in a small village perched in a rural, hostile valley. It is the first part in a larger work describing company-level counterinsurgency efforts in the Diyala River Valley during the Iraq Surge. The intent is to describe our initial reconnaissance efforts to define the operational environment and develop a plan to intervene. The purpose is two-fold: 1. inform policy makers on the costs, requirements, and time needed for such GPF interventions, and 2. provide young leaders with an example of applying theory to practice.

While this individual case is unique in study, the methodology is universal. Basic military tactics and techniques appropriately applied for the given environment provide the highest probability for a successful outcome. This valley would serve as watershed moment for the junior combat leaders involved, and they would eventually apply these lessons learned in the streets of Baghdad at the tail end of the Iraq Surge, the ravaged airfield and slums of Port-au-Prince, Haiti after the 2010 earthquake, and the seemingly unconquerable valleys of Kunar Province along the Af-Pak border during the Afghanistan Surge.

Download The Full Article: The Pacification of Zaganiyah (Part One)

Major James Michael Few, USA, is an active duty armor officer and the Editor of Small Wars Journal. He served multiple tours to Iraq in various command and staff positions. The views expressed herein are his own.

by Neoptolemus

Download the Full Article: Defense in an Age of Austerity: 2022

My fellow Americans, it is with a grave heart and serious reservations that I come to you today to announce the implementation of the results of the Preserving America's Economic Security Commission. This congressionally-authorized panel was established to provide our nation's elected leaders with recommendations to better balance the abyss between our national treasury and our collective ability to pay for our own government and security. Decades of delay and delusion have brought us well past the crisis point. We have preserved global stability for others for many decades, but at great expense. The long war against extremism has cost us well over $2T in direct costs alone and the interest compounds daily. Meanwhile the country's demographic aging, rising health care costs, and insatiable appetite for entitlements has placed our great Nation's balance sheet deep in the red. A culture of entitlement over sacrifice and shared obligation has eroded our stature as a great power and our moral standing. A decade of continued economic pressure, unemployment above 12%, coupled with a determined resistance on the part of the nation's elected officials to come to any serious resolution of the country's fiscal crisis has brought us to the point of peril.

The international bond market has spoken. We presently owe $23T in publicly held debt and at least another $10T in unfunded social security liabilities. Just the interest on that debt alone costs us more than $1T a year, double our annual defense expenditures. We continue to run trillion dollar deficits as we have for the entire last decade. Our debt to revenue ratio is now well over 120%. People are beginning to avoid U.S. backed bonds and dollar based investments. Now interest rates are climbing several points from 3 to 5 to 7% on our bonds, as global markets have found better places and safer currencies in which to invest. The dollar is no longer the world's reserve currency or first choice. We once criticized small countries like Greece or Ireland for failing to meet their debts, and now we are in far worse shape.

Download the Full Article: Defense in an Age of Austerity: 2022

Neoptolemus, a retired infantry officer, is currently imprisoned as a senior defense official in the Pentagon. Neoptolemus was the son of the warrior Achilles and the princess Deidamia in Greek mythology.

An Interview with General Jack Keane

by Octavian Manea

Download the Full Interview: An Interview with General Jack Keane

How would you describe the US Army's mind-set in approaching the war in Vietnam?

I think we took an army whose primary focus was conventional operations against the Warsaw Pact in Europe and took it to war in South Vietnam. In the first three years of the war we were trying to use conventional tactics against an unconventional enemy. That strategy failed miserably. And it was not until General Abrams came in and took over from General Westmoreland who changed the strategy to a counterinsurgency strategy which was designed to protect the population. We saw significant progress against the insurgency and then, by 1971, three years later, it was essentially defeated.

Should we understand that World War II, the Korean War, and preparation for Fulda Gap campaigns - all this operational heritage - had an impact in shaping the mind-set of the US Military vis-í -vis executing war?

Yes.

What should have been the lessons learned from the Vietnam experience?

I think we learned all the right lessons in how to defeat an insurgency because we succeeded. We lost the war for other reasons, but in terms of defeating the insurgency, I think we learned the right lessons in terms of the preeminence of and the importance of protecting the population, winning the population to your side, using minimum amount of force, dealing with a government that is not effective and dealing with a population that has legitimate grievances against that government. Most insurgencies obviously have some legitimate grievances against the government -- otherwise - it wouldn't be an insurgency to begin with. I think we codified the major tenets of the counterinsurgency we learned and it was in our memory up until 1975. When the war ended we purged it from our lexicon and put the doctrine we had developed on the shelf and embraced war against the Warsaw Pact and Soviet Union. I think it has much to do with how the war ended in Vietnam. The fact that it did not come out favorably to us - I think the military leaders of the time just wanted to get rid of it like a cancer.

Download the Full Interview: An Interview with General Jack Keane

Interview with General Jack Keane conducted by Octavian Manea (Editor of FP Romania, the Romanian edition of Foreign Policy).

Small Wars Journal

Vol. 7, No. 3 is now available.  It presents a few new (as of 31 Mar) articles

and provides select reprints and an index of all articles from March. 

Click here for the

full issue, or directly on these titles for single articles.

Countering Extremism in Yemen: Beyond Interagency Cooperation

Kaz Kotlow

Shaping Coalition Forces' Strategic Narrative in Support of Village Stability

Operations by  Scott Mann

The Fallacy of COIN: One Officer's Frustration by Scott Dempsey

Building Relationships and Influence in Counterinsurgency: One Officer's Perspective

by Eric von Tersh

Libya's Rebel Leaders and Western Assistance by Jamsheed K. Choksy and Carol

E. B. Choksy

Book Review: How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict by Timothy

Richardson

The index of all articles published in March begins on

page 22 of the

issue.  Please review that listing or our

monthly or

title archives

for any you may have missed as they fired past during the month.

This entry is closed for comment. Please make any comments directly on the individual

articles via the links above.

To Design or Not to Design (Part Four):

Taking Lines out of Non-Linear; How Design Must Escape 'Tacticization' Bias of Military Culture

by Ben Zweibelson

Download The Full Article: To Design or Not to Design (Part Four)

The fifteen pages of design doctrine in FM5-0 Chapter 3 Design introduces non-linear open system concepts while paradoxically recommending traditional linear methodology for transforming these dynamic open systems into the desired state. While the first eleven pages on design discuss open systems and their inherent tendencies to learn, adapt, and resist mechanistic action, section 3-58, The Operational Approach, resorts back to linear causality by recommending lines of effort as a method to depict transforming the system. Once again, Army design doctrine suffers an identity crisis in which holistic approaches to complex systems struggles with an institutional preference for tacticizing all levels of war.

Download The Full Article: To Design or Not to Design (Part Four)

Major Ben Zweibelson is an active duty Infantry Officer in the US Army. A veteran of OIF 1 and OIF 6, Ben is currently attending the School for Advanced Military Studies at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He has a Masters in Liberal Arts from Louisiana State University and a Masters in Military Arts and Sciences from the United States Air Force (Air Command and Staff College program). Ben deploys this June to support Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan as a planner.

Editor's Note: This essay is part four of a six part series on design.

by Michael E. Reheuser

Download The Full Article: Shaping a Culture of Privacy in the DoD

I read with interest your December 6th article entitled The Military's Cultural Disregard for Personal Information. The authors have done well to bring to light a continuing challenge not only for the Department of Defense, but for all government agencies. They rightly point out the overreliance on Social Security Numbers as a common identifier and the risks which its pervasiveness present to military personnel both at home and deployed across the globe.

For more than 30 years the Defense Privacy Office -- now Defense Privacy and Civil Liberties Office (DPCLO) -- has worked across the DoD Components to address a myriad of risks to personal information. Over that time the Department has instituted numerous policies to protect the privacy and secure the records of its personnel and their dependents, sometimes revolutionizing entire business practices in the process. Today the Department faces just such a watershed moment.

Download The Full Article: Shaping a Culture of Privacy in the DoD

Michael Reheuser is the Director of the Defense Privacy and Civil Liberties Office (DPCLO) and DoD's Deputy Civil Liberties Officer.

Seeing Everything from the Prism of Islamic Extremism in Afghanistan

by Metin Turcan

Download The Full Article: Simply a Nirvana Fallacy

Abstract. There has emerged a vast literature at the strategic level on the COIN efforts of the CF in Afghanistan, which is generally considered as an integral part of the struggle against global extremism. Nonetheless, to see Afghanistan as a "front" in the struggle against global extremism severely distracts our focus and falsely lead us to cover all other related phenomena under the blanket of "Islamic extremism.' The utmost aim of this article is to challenge traditional COIN wisdom available in the literature which takes "Islamic Extremism" as the single factor that explains everything in rural Afghanistan. This article suggests that the tribal and rural characteristics of Afghanistan precede the Islamic identity of Afghanistan, and therefore, the current debacle of international community in rural Afghanistan does not conform to established frames or assumptions in the literature.

Download The Full Article: Simply a Nirvana Fallacy

Metin Turcan holds an MA degree in Security Studies from Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA. He served in northern Iraq (1999, 2004), Kazakhstan (2003), Kyrgyzstan (2004) and Afghanistan (2005) in both fulfilled liaison and training missions. Currently, he is working as a security advisor in the Interior Ministry of Turkey and a Ph.D candidate studying Afghanistan and the changing nature of warfare in the 21st century.

All opinions expressed are those of the author alone and do not necessarily represent the views of any institution or organization the author has been associated with.

by Kurt Albaugh

Download The Full Article: Six Frigates and the Future of Gunboat Diplomacy

March was a busy month for the Navy. It supported the war against extremism in Afghanistan, led the vanguard of strikes in Libya, boarded suspicious vessels off the Somali coast, and saved life and property in Japan. A month's events couldn't augur more strongly why we need to maintain a global, flexible, versatile Navy. Even with excellent intelligence, we can't know when the Navy will be called to fight, to protect, or to save. By maintaining a widespread presence, the Navy was able to respond to the government's foreign policy objectives with gunboat diplomacy in Libya and aid to the thousands suffering in Japan.

While the Navy was doing the nation's work, congressional testimony described a bleak future. The fiscal reality of today will have a lasting effect on the Department of Defense, and the Navy, of tomorrow. Congressional Budget Office analysis shows that shipbuilding costs are expected to far outpace inflation. Demand for naval forces is high, but as costs to provide those forces grow rapidly, the federal budget is stretched thin, and some are calling to cut the defense budget by as much as one sixth. Even if the Navy can articulate its value to the nation and gain a higher proportion of the defense budget, the larger slice will likely come from a smaller pie. With defense budget cuts looming, the Navy should look to its own history: as our ships once more go to the shores of Tripoli, the philosophy behind the Navy's first ships offers appropriate and instructive lessons on forging American resources into the sword and shield of our republic. The original six frigates of the United States exemplify the qualities the Navy should advocate in its plan to provide the capabilities America expects in a way America can afford.

Download The Full Article: Six Frigates and the Future of Gunboat Diplomacy

Kurt Albaugh currently teaches at the U.S. Naval Academy. A surface warfare officer, he has experience in frigates and destroyers. He is a 2010 recipient of the Surface Navy Association's Arleigh Burke Award for Operational Excellence. The views expressed are his alone.

by Scott Mann

Download The Full Article: Shaping Coalition Forces' Strategic Narrative in Support of Village Stability Operations

This article is designed to provide strategists and tacticians with comprehensive recommendations for weaving a strategic narrative and supporting plans to achieve a tipping point in the Afghan Counterinsurgency Campaign by leveraging the power of information to amplify the bottom up effects of Village Stability Operations ( VSO) and Afghan Local Police (ALP).

Download The Full Article: Shaping Coalition Forces' Strategic Narrative in Support of Village Stability Operations

Lieutenant Colonel Scott Mann is a Special Forces Officer assigned to United States Special Operations Command.

Beyond Interagency Cooperation

by Kaz Kotlow

Download The Full Article: Countering Extremism in Yemen

Extremism, especially violent extremism, is a clear threat to the national security of the United States. It is widely believed that effectively addressing quality of life issues, encouraging peaceful conflict resolution and enhancing political inclusion are critical to neutralizing extremist messaging, helping prevent the development and spread of violent extremism. Traditionally, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and The United States Department of State (DOS) are the primary agencies for development, with Department of Defense (DOD) efforts in support. But traditional "interagency cooperation" has often not resulted in effective programs. The U.S. Government (USG) should maximize integration of effort, bringing all government elements together from inception to planning and assessment, of a single coherent plan. DOD assets, from doctrine to personnel and funding, can be of great benefit in helping create and execute those integrated efforts.

Download The Full Article: Countering Extremism in Yemen

Colonel Kazimierz "Kaz" Kotlow, USA is currently a visiting Senior Service Col-lege Fellow at The Washington Insti-tute. Most recently, he served as the Defense and Army Attache at the U.S. Embassy in Yemen, a post he previously held at the U.S. Embassy in Lebanon. Colonel Kotlow also deployed as a political/military advisor to the Multinational Force (MNF) Commander, III Corps, in Baghdad, Iraq. Prior to his postings as a Foreign Area Officer, Colonel Kotlow served as a Special Forces detachment commander, deploying multiple times to Eritrea and Kuwait to train host nation forces in infantry operations and demining. The views expressed herein are his own.

by Brian C. Collins

Download The Full Article: Lessons for Libya?

Thesis: The disastrous outcome of the Anglo-French expedition of 1956 was not the result of tactical incompetence, but rather a consequence of flawed policy.

Discussion: It is critical for policy-makers to not only understand the difficulties of armed intervention, but also the commitment of will required. If policy limitations preclude waging the type of war necessary to achieve strategic objectives, the pursuit of other options becomes imperative. Professional military members expend a great deal of energy to understand the relationship between politics and war. It would be wise for policy-makers to do the same so as to avoid the pitfalls experienced by the British and French in 1956. Tactically, the British and French - in concert with the Israelis - mobilized, deployed, and employed a diverse military force to compel the fall of Gamal Abdel Nasser's Egyptian government. Operationally, the campaign required a degree of coordination between not only national entities, but branches within the armed forces as well which had yet to be exhibited in an operation of such limited size and scope in the twentieth century. Strategically, geo-political influences and factors forced the withdrawal of British and French forces before ever achieving the purpose for which the military campaign was intended -- the removal of the Nasser. This paper examines the Anglo-French expedition to identify the root causes which lead to this tremendous failure in order to provide lessons for the national leadership of today.

Conclusion: The failure of the Anglo-French expedition of 1956 was clearly the result of flawed policy, not tactical incompetence. The political establishment's failure to anticipate reaction in the context of Cold War balance of power politics, their discount of options other than military action, and insistence upon planning to obtain limited objectives, all contributed directly to the ignominy which would follow.

Download The Full Article: Lessons for Libya?

Lieutenant Colonel Brian C. Collins, USMC is the Deputy Foreign Policy Advisor at Headquarters, US Special Operations Command. The views expressed herein are his own.

by Charli Carpenter

Download the Full Article: Libya and the Responsibility to Protect

There has been a fair amount of debate over Obama's decision to join Western powers in using force to protect civilians in Libya. Among various refrains is the claim that "Responsibility to Protect" (R2P) doctrine lacks moral strength if applied selectively.

According to this line of thinking, the international community can't legitimately go after Qaddafi if it won't/can't also go after every other dictator. However, it is important to recall that R2P doctrine, as laid out by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty and acknowledged as a legal principle in several multilateral documents, actually promotes military force for civilian protection not in every case where it might be merited, but rather only in limited circumstances mapping roughly onto just war theory.

Download the Full Article: Libya and the Responsibility to Protect

Charli Carpenter, Associate Professor of Political Science at University of Massachusetts-Amherst, is the author of two books on the protection of civilians. She blogs about human security and asymmetric warfare at The Duck of Minerva and Lawyers, Guns and Money.

Insurgencia Criminal en las Américas

por John P. Sullivan

Transfiera el Artí­culo Completo: Insurgencia Criminal en las Américas

Organizaciones criminales transnacionales y las pandillas están amenazando instituciones estatales en todas partes de las Américas. En circunstancias extremas, los carteles, las pandillas o maras, las organizaciones de tráfico de drogas, y sus encargados de hacer cumplir paramilitares están librando de facto insurgencias criminales para liberarse de la influencia del estado.

Una gran variedad de pandillas criminales están librando una guerra entre si y contra el estado. La violencia criminal desenfrenada realizada por la corrupción y la debilidad de las instituciones estatales han permitido que algunas empresas criminales desarrollen estados virtual o correspondiente. Estas zonas disputados o "temporal autónomos" introducen lo que el teórico John Robb llama "estados vacios" con áreas donde la legitimidad del estado está severamente desafiada. Estas zona frágiles, a veces sin ley (o enclaves criminal) cubre el territorio que se extiende de las vecindades individuales, a favelas o colonias, hasta ciudades enteras—tales como Ciudad Juárez—a grandes segmentos de terrón afueras en la provincia de Guatemala, Petén, y en zonas escasamente vigiladas de la Costa Atlántica de Nicaragua.

Como consecuencia, las Américas son cada vez mas sitiado por la violencia y la influencia corruptora de los actores criminales explotando territorios sin estado (enclaves criminales y los municipios dominados por la mafia) vinculado a la economí­a criminal global para construir musculo económico y, potencialmente, la fuerza polí­tica.

Transfiera el Artí­culo Completo: Insurgencia Criminal en las Américas

This article was orginally published in English as Criminal Insurgency in the Americas on 13 February 2011.

John P. Sullivan es un oficial de policí­a de carrera. Al momento se desempeí±a como teniente con el Departamento de Sheriff de Los Ángeles. También es SeniorResearch Fellow en el Centro de Estudios Avanzados sobre Terrorismo (CAST). Es co-editor de Countering Terrorism y WMD (armas de destrucción masiva: Creando una Red Global Contra el Terrorismo (Routledge, 2006) y Bioseguridad Global: Amenazas y Respuestas (Routledge, 2010).

by Jamsheed K. Choksy and Carol E. B. Choksy

Download The Full Article: Libya's Rebel Leaders and Western Assistance

Abstract. The U.S., Britain, and France are assisting poorly-known rebels in Libya in addition to defending civilians through a no-fly zone. This article discusses the rebel leadership, their political backgrounds and leanings, the escalating cost of intervention, and possible outcomes.

Download The Full Article: Libya's Rebel Leaders and Western Assistance

Jamsheed K. Choksy is professor of Central Eurasian, International, and Islamic studies and former director of the Middle Eastern Studies Program at Indiana University. He is also a member of the National Council on the Humanities at the U.S. National Endowment for the Humanities.

Carol E. B. Choksy is adjunct lecturer in Strategic Intelligence and Information Management at Indiana University. She also is CEO of IRAD Strategic Consulting, Inc.

The views expressed are their own.

by Dr. Tammy S. Schultz

Download the Full Article: "Penny Wise, Pound Foolish"

"Efficiencies" is the new Washington watchword as U.S government departments, agencies, and the Congress have begun slashing budgets. Unfortunately, some of these cuts are not being made with surgical precision, but with rusted hacksaws, specifically in the national security realm.

Two areas in particular that we cut at our peril are preventative/shaping operations and stability/counterinsurgency operations (or "phase zero" and "phase four" as they are called -- although the military has smartly moved away from this linear paradigm). Cases abound, but just three cases are illustrative of this "penny wise, pound foolish" mindset: The desire to cut or eliminate the United States Institute of Peace (USIP), the U.S. Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute (PKSOI), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

Download the Full Article: "Penny Wise, Pound Foolish"

Dr. Tammy S. Schultz is the Director of National Security & Joint Warfare at the U.S. Marine Corps War College where she is also a professor of strategy. These views are her own.

Understanding the Real War of Ideas

by Tony Corn

Download The Full Article: The Clash of the Caliphates: Understanding the Real War of Ideas

There are plenty of reasons to view with skepticism the claim that the current turmoil in the Middle East constitutes a progressive "Arab Spring." In Egypt alone, 82 percent of the population today support stoning for adultery, 84 percent are in favor of the death penalty for apostasy, and 79 percent would view the emergence of a nuclear Iran as a positive development. If that qualifies as an Arab Spring, one has to wonder what an Arab Fall would look like.

But the one issue that the West should not be unduly concerned with is the fact that 67 percent of Egyptians are in favor of the restoration of the Caliphate.

Download The Full Article: The Clash of the Caliphates: Understanding the Real War of Ideas

Dr. Tony Corn, a frequent contributor to SWJ, worked in public diplomacy at the U.S. Department of State in Washington, DC and at the U.S. Missions to the EU and to NATO in Brussels. The opinions expressed here are the author's own and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of State.

by George R. Dimitriu

Download The Full Article: 'Holding' for Companies and Platoons in Counterinsurgency

In August 2010, the Dutch redeployed their forces after being active in Afghanistan for four years, aiding and abetting ISAF with around 2000 troops each rotation. Initially, the contribution after August had been discussed fiercely, but the collapse of the Netherlands' coalition government in February 2010 meant also the end of the discussion about prolongation of the mission of Task Force Uruzgan; the withdrawal of troops is definite and more or less completed by the time of writing.

In a recently published article about the performance of the Dutch forces in Uruzgan, which I wrote together with Dr. B.A. de Graaf, we considered the efforts, the operations and the lessons learned by analyzing three operations in Uruzgan: operation 'Perth' in July 2006; 'Spin Ghar' (White Mountain) in October 2007; and 'Tura Ghar' (Sabre Mountain) in January 2009, all three of which were conducted in the Baluchi valley in Uruzgan. One of our most important conclusions is that clearing operations had very limited positive effects and mainly negative effects, if carried out on their own. This comes as no surprise as troops throughout Afghanistan were confronted with the same effects when the cleared areas were not hold thereafter. Therefore, I thought it would be worthwhile to look once again, and more deeply, at the complexity of 'holding' areas after 'clearing'. In my view -- and views of many others - this is the most crucial phase, but also the one which is the most difficult to execute. Based on the Dutch experiences in Uruzgan I introduce a model for executing the hold-phase. I focus on the tactical level, but otherwise none of the principles I introduce is really new; it is simply a question of interpreting and applying the existing COIN principles.

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George R. Dimitriu is a research fellow at the Netherlands Defence Academy. The views in this article are his alone and do not reflect those of the Royal Netherlands Armed Forces.

Panama: Is Restructuring the Razor to Cut Out Corruption?

by Anthony Scheidel

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This work is an empirical article detailing the recent restructuring of Panamanian Service Groups and Governmental Ministries. It provides valuable analysis not only on how the organizations were physically reorganized, but also insight into the reasons why changes were made, including corruption and rising crime levels throughout the country. Although the two reorganizations are separate and independent of each other, it also touches on how they are intertwined from a national security aspect. The essay concludes with evidence revealing how Panama is now better prepared to counter these rising levels of insecurity by means of a stronger security plan, as well as possible future approaches, including more comprehensive and applied regional security cooperation initiatives.

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Anthony Scheidel is a research analyst on Latin America related issues at the Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO), an open source research organization that focuses on the foreign perspective of understudied aspects of the Operational Environment.

Type-I Dark Network: Opportunistic-Mechanical

by Ian S. Davis, Carrie L. Worth, and Douglas W. Zimmerman

Download The Full Article: A Theory of Dark Network Design (Part Two)

The purpose of this essay is to illustrate an example of a dark network whose design state is defined by moderate environmental hostility and a moderate requirement for secure coordination of work that yields what we call Type-I Opportunistic-Mechanical configuration. Based on our theory of dark network design, the example shows how an Opportunistic-Mechanical dark network is configured to achieve its purpose and how it is vulnerable to illumination and interdiction.

Major Ian Davis is a United States Army Special Forces officer and recently graduated from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA with a Masters of Science in Defense Analysis.

Major Carrie Worth is United States Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) aviator and recently graduated from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA with a Masters in Defense Analysis.

Major Douglas Zimmerman is a United States Army Intelligence officer and recently graduated from the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA with a Masters of Science in Defense Analysis.

Editor's Note: This essay is the second in a six-part series on a theory of dark network design. This series was originally submitted as a thesis graduation requirement for a MS in Defense Analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, CA. Dr. Nancy Roberts served as the thesis advisor, and Dr. John Arquilla served as the second reader. An electronic version of the complete thesis is available here.