Small Wars Journal

Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 51: Milícias (Militias) Continue to Surpass Gangues (Gangs) in Dominating Criminal Territory in Rio de Janeiro

Tue, 09/27/2022 - 9:03pm

Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 51: Milícias (Militias) Continue to Surpass Gangues (Gangs) in Dominating Criminal Territory in Rio de Janeiro

John P. Sullivan, José de Arimatéia da Cruz, and Robert J. Bunker

Areas controlled by criminal armed groups (CAGs) in Rio de Janeiro grew by 131% over the past 16 years according to a new study released jointly by the Instituto Fogo Cruzado (Cross-Fire Institute), Grupo de Estudos dos Novos Ilegalismos (Study Group for New Illegalisms) at Universidade Federal Fluminense (Fluminense Federal University) (GENI/UFF) on 13 September 2022.[1] Militias were the fastest growing group, expanding rapidly in suburbs while narcotrafficking gangs retained control of favelas.

Gangs Militias RJ

Esri Open Street Map view of Rio de Janeriro Gangs and Militias, September 2022, Data by Geni-Universidade Federal Fluminense & Instituto Fogo Cruzado, https://fogocruz.github.io/mapafc/.

Key Information: “Milícia cresce 387% e ocupa metade do território do crime no RJ, diz estudo.” UOL. 13 September 2022, https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2022/09/13/milicia-cresce-161-e-ocupa-metade-do-territorio-do-crime-no-rj-diz-estudo.htm:

Em um período de 16 anos, as milícias quase quintuplicaram seus territórios e são hoje o maior grupo criminoso do Rio de Janeiro. As áreas sob domínio de grupos paramilitares aumentaram 387,3% entre os anos de 2006 e 2021.

A conclusão é do Mapa Histórico dos Grupos Armados do Rio de Janeiro, que também mostra que ao menos 4,4 milhões de pessoas moram hoje em áreas controladas por grupos criminosos (milícia e tráfico) no Grande Rio —contingente 65% maior do que em 2006…

Expansão das milícias não mirou territórios do tráfico.

Ao contrário do que diz o senso comum, o crescimento das milícias não se deu expulsando traficantes de áreas controladas por eles.

O levantamento aponta que ao menos 90% da expansão territorial dos grupos paramilitares se deu em localidades que não eram dominadas por nenhum grupo criminoso anteriormente.[2]

Key Information: “Milícias alcançam tráfico e já ocupam metade das áreas controladas por grupos armados no RJ, diz estudo.” G1 (Globo). 13 September 2022, https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/09/13/milicias-alcancam-trafico-e-ja-ocupam-metade-das-areas-controladas-por-grupos-armados-no-rj-diz-estudo.ghtml:

Com crescimento territorial de 387% em 16 anos, o domínio corresponde a quase duas vezes o tamanho de Niterói. Enquanto isso, mais de 2 milhões de pessoas estão sob controle do Comando Vermelho.

Um estudo que será lançado nesta terça-feira (13) afirma que as milícias alcançaram a influência do tráfico de drogas e passaram a ocupar metade das áreas dominadas por grupos armados na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Enquanto isso, mais de 2 milhões de pessoas estão sob controle da facção do tráfico de drogas Comando Vermelho.

O levantamento do Instituto Fogo Cruzado e do Grupo de Estudos dos Novos Ilegalismos, da Universidade Federal Fluminense (Geni/UFF), mostra que o crescimento territorial dos milicianos foi de 387% em 16 anos. Com 256,28 km², ou 10% do estado, o domínio corresponde a quase duas vezes o tamanho da cidade de Niterói…

“Os dados do Mapa dos Grupos Armados não deixam dúvidas: as milícias são as principais responsáveis por esse aumento de áreas sob domínio de grupos armados, razão pela qual se tornaram a principal ameaça à segurança pública no Grande Rio”, diz a pesquisa.[3]

Key Information: “Áreas dominadas pelas milícias cresceram 387% em 16 anos no Rio de Janeiro, aponta levantamento.” Folha de Pernambuco. 13 September 2022, https://www.folhape.com.br/noticias/areas-dominadas-pelas-milicias-cresceram-387-em-16-anos-no-rio-de/240036/:

Um levantamento do Instituto Fogo Cruzado, em parceria com o Grupo de Estudos de Novos Ilegalismos da Universidade Federal Fluminense (Geni/UFF), apontou que áreas dominadas pelasmilícias cresceram 387% em 16 anos no Rio de Janeiro. Na Região Metropolitana, por exemplo, o aumento foi de 131% entre 2006 e 2008 e 2019 e 2021.

O Comando Vermelho, maior facção da estado, tem também a maior concentração populacional entre os grupos armados, subjugando 2.042.780 habitantes.

Atualmente, a Região Metropolitana sob o comando de grupos armados está dividido em 49,9% nas mãos da milícia: 40,3% no domínio da maior facção criminosa da cidade; 8,9% no controle do Terceiro Comando Puro (TCP) e 1,1% sob poder do Amigo Dos Amigos (ADA).[4]

Third Generation Gangs Analysis

Militias are the fastest growing criminal enterprise in Rio de Janeiro. According to a recent study conducted by the Instituto Fogo Cruzado, in partnership with the Grupo de Estudos de Novos Ilegalismos at the Universidade Federal Fluminense (GENI/UFF), militia-controlled areas grew 387.3 percent over the past 16 years. As a result, militias control essentially half of Rio’s areas dominated by CAGs. The spectacular rise of militias in Rio was first reported in a 2020 report by GENI/UFF analysts.[5] This situation exacerbates the erosion of political capacity in one of Brazil’s large metropolitan areas which contains over 6.75 million inhabitants. Ultimately, the resulting competition between the gangs and militias and among the state leads to extreme violence and the rise of criminal governance.

Sources

Agencia EFE, “Las áreas dominadas por grupos armados en Río de Janeiro crecen 131 % en 16 años.” SWI Swissonfo.ch. 13 September 2022, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/brasil-violencia_áreas-dominadas-por-grupos-armados-en-r%C3%ADo-de-janeiro-crecen-131---en-16-años/47897884.

“Áreas dominadas pelas milícias cresceram 387% em 16 anos no Rio de Janeiro, aponta levantamento.” Folha de Pernambuco. 13 September 2022, https://www.folhape.com.br/noticias/areas-dominadas-pelas-milicias-cresceram-387-em-16-anos-no-rio-de/240036/.

“Milícias alcançam tráfico e já ocupam metade das áreas controladas por grupos armados no RJ, diz estudo.” G1 (Globo). 13 September 2022, https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/2022/09/13/milicias-alcancam-trafico-e-ja-ocupam-metade-das-areas-controladas-por-grupos-armados-no-rj-diz-estudo.ghtml.

“Milícia cresce 387% e ocupa metade do território do crime no RJ, diz estudo.” UOL. 13 September 2022, https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2022/09/13/milicia-cresce-161-e-ocupa-metade-do-territorio-do-crime-no-rj-diz-estudo.htm.

Endnotes

[1] Agencia EFE, “Las áreas dominadas por grupos armados en Río de Janeiro crecen 131% en 16 años.” SWI, Swissonfo.ch. 13 September 2022, https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/brasil-violencia_áreas-dominadas-por-grupos-armados-en-r%C3%ADo-de-janeiro-crecen-131---en-16-años/47897884.

[2] In English, the title reads: “Milícia [Militia] grows 387% and occupies half of the crime territory in RJ, says study.” The text reads: “In a period of 16 years, the militias almost quintupled their territories and are now the largest criminal group in Rio de Janeiro. The areas under the domination of paramilitary groups increased 387.3% between the years 2006 and 2021. […] The conclusion is from the Historical Map of the Armed Groups of Rio de Janeiro, which also shows that at least 4.4 million people now live in areas controlled by criminal groups (militia and drug trafficking) in Greater Rio - 65% more than in 2006. […] Expansion of the militia did not target drug trafficking territories. Contrary to common sense, the growth of the militia did not occur by expelling traffickers from areas controlled by them. [...] The survey shows that at least 90% of the territorial expansion of paramilitary groups took place in areas that were not previously dominated by any criminal group.

[3] In English, the title reads, “Militias reach drug trafficking and already occupy half of the areas controlled by armed groups in RJ, says study.” The text reads: “With territorial growth of 387% in 16 years, the domain corresponds to almost twice the size of Niterói. Meanwhile, more than 2 million people are under the control of the Comando Vermelho.” […] “A study to be released this Tuesday (13) [September] states that the militias have reached the influence of the drug trade and now occupy half of the areas dominated by armed groups in the Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Region. Meanwhile, more than 2 million people are under the control of the Comando Vermelho drug trafficking faction. […] The survey by the Fogo Cruzado [Cross-Fire] Institute and the Group for the Study of New Illegalisms at the Fluminense Federal University (GENI/UFF) shows that the territorial growth of militia groups was 387% in 16 years. With 256.28 km², or 10% of the state, the domain corresponds to almost twice the size of the city of Niterói. […] “The data from the Map of Armed Groups leaves no doubt: the militias are the main culprits for this increase in areas under the dominion of armed groups, which is why they have become the main threat to public security in Greater Rio,” says the survey.

[4] In English, the title reads, “Areas dominated by militias grew 387% in 16 years in Rio de Janeiro, study shows.” The text reads: “A survey by the Fogo Cruzado [Cross-Fire] Institute, in partnership with the Group for the Study of New Illegalisms at the Fluminense Federal University (GENIi/UFF), indicated that areas dominated by militias grew 387% in 16 years in Rio de Janeiro. In the Metropolitan Region, for example, the increase was 131% between 2006 and 2008 and 2019 and 2021.[…] “The Comando Vermelho [Red Command], the state's largest faction, also has the largest population concentration among armed groups, subduing 2,042,780 inhabitants. […] Currently, the Metropolitan Region under the command of armed groups is divided 49.9% in militia hands: 40.3% in the domain of the city’s largest criminal faction [CV]; 8.9% in the control of the Terceiro Comando Puro (TCP – Third Pure Command), and 1.1% under the power of Amigo Dos Amigos (ADA – Friends of Friends).”

[5] John P. Sullivan, José de Arimatéia da Cruz, and Robert J. Bunker, “Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 32: Militias (Milícias) Surpass Gangs (Gangues) in Territorial Control in Rio de Janeiro.” Small Wars Journal. 26 October 2020, https://smallwarsjournal.com/index.php/jrnl/art/third-generation-gangs-strategic-note-no-32-militias-milicias-surpass-gangs-gangues.   

For Additional Reading

John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, Eds., Competition in Order and Progress: Criminal Insurgencies and Governance in Brazil. Bloomington: Xlibris, March 2022.

John P. Sullivan, José de Arimatéia da Cruz, and Robert J. Bunker,Third Generation Gangs Strategic Note No. 32: Militias (Milícias) Surpass Gangs (Gangues) in Territorial Control in Rio de Janeiro.” Small Wars Journal. 26 October 2020.   

John P. Sullivan, “The Challenges of Territorial Gangs: Civil Strife, Criminal Insurgencies and Crime Wars.” Revista do Ministério Público Militar (Brazil), Edição n. 31, November 2019.

Categories: El Centro

About the Author(s)

Dr. John P. Sullivan was a career police officer. He is an honorably retired lieutenant with the Los Angeles Sheriff’s Department, specializing in emergency operations, transit policing, counterterrorism, and intelligence. He is currently an Instructor in the Safe Communities Institute (SCI) at the Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Sullivan received a lifetime achievement award from the National Fusion Center Association in November 2018 for his contributions to the national network of intelligence fusion centers. He completed the CREATE Executive Program in Counter-Terrorism at the University of Southern California and holds a Bachelor of Arts in Government from the College of William and Mary, a Master of Arts in Urban Affairs and Policy Analysis from the New School for Social Research, and a PhD from the Open University of Catalonia (Universitat Oberta de Catalunya). His doctoral thesis was “Mexico’s Drug War: Cartels, Gangs, Sovereignty and the Network State.” He can be reached at jpsullivan@smallwarsjournal.com.

Dr. José de Arimatéia da Cruz is a Professor of International Relations and International Studies at Georgia Southern University, Savannah, GA. He also is a Research Fellow of the Brazil Research Unit at the Council on Hemispheric Affairs in Washington, DC.

Dr. Robert J. Bunker is Director of Research and Analysis, C/O Futures, LLC, and an Instructor at the Safe Communities Institute (SCI) at the University of Southern California Sol Price School of Public Policy. He holds university degrees in political science, government, social science, anthropology-geography, behavioral science, and history and has undertaken hundreds of hours of counterterrorism training. Past professional associations include Minerva Chair at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College and Futurist in Residence, Training and Development Division, Behavioral Science Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Academy, Quantico. Dr. Bunker has well over 500 publications—including about 40 books as co-author, editor, and co-editor—and can be reached at docbunker@smallwarsjournal.com.   
 

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